Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality

biologic and Humanistic Approaches to Personality PSY250 As look for into constitution progressed, scientists began to look beyond psychoanalysis and trait theories for other explanations into how character develops. They started to look at the biological factors that influence record administration (Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey decrepit, Sir Francis Galton (genetic larn of match)), the instal of proceeds unavoidably on temper formation (Abraham Mas secondary), and the rudimentary aspects of the gayist personality system and how it comp atomic number 18s to the biological explanation of personality formation (Eric Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow).These topics result be considered in more(prenominal)(prenominal) detail in the sideline discussion. Although environs mulcts a articulation in personality, genes in addition make square contri notwithstandingions. or so genetic disorders, such(prenominal) as Angelman or go outiams syndrome are characterized by exce ssive happiness and friendliness. biologic aspects of a persons temperament, such as introversion/extroversion, actively, and impulsively, also help shape the personality. Studies of identical twins give up shown that twins isolated at birth and raised in different environments still dowery many personality traits.Therefore, we are not simply blank slates all in all influenced by what our environment writes on us. Responses to certain(prenominal) environmental stimuli seem to be hard-wired into our nervous system and endocrine systems. Electroencephalograms (EEG) expect shown that, at a very(prenominal) basic level, extroverts show less rousing to input then introverts do. Hans Eysenck theorized that because of this low level of arousal, extroverts seek out stimulate circumstances while introverts, who whitethorn be receiving too much stimulation from the environment, try to get forth from it all by shying away from bear upon environments.Differences in activation of the humours hemispheres whitethorn also effect personality formation. Greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is believed to sustain a share in prejudicial emotions, whitethorn cause over reaction to ostracize stimuli. On the other hand, higher(prenominal) activation of the left hemisphere, musical theme to trifle a business office in positive emotions, could emergence in more powerful reactions to positive stimuli. Jeffrey Gray proposed the idea that our nervous systems may be responsible for influencing whether we are more motivated by punishment or reward.Disruption in the utilisation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin lav also effect personality. Will Sheldon expanded on Ernest Kretschmers ideas that proboscis type might be connected to certain mental disorders and apply them to the general population. Sheldon genuine troika body types and associated personality characteristics mesomorphs muscular, large-boned athletic, ectomorphs slend er studious, and endomorphs roly-poly good-natured. Sheldons ideas were too simplistic, but it might be possible that certain biological factors could affect both(prenominal) personality and body type.Social influences may affect body type, which may in turn affect how others react. both aspects plenty influence personality development. A stable personality depends on a healthy, hearty-functional brain ( was this supposed to be cited) Certain diseases and disorders canful falsify can spay or destroy ones personality. Strokes victimize part of the brain and can cause a dramatic change in personality. Picks disease also causes deterioration of the brain. It may cause a mark change in in a persons beliefs or preferences.Alzheimers disease, as the disease becomes advanced, seems to result in total evil of personality. Postpartum depression is triggered by a biological process. Severe, untreated symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, and persistent disturbing thought s of suicide, universe possessed, or harming the infant. Environmental toxins, such as mercury, and both legal and abominable drugs, including Valium, Prozac, cocaine, and herion, can result in biological changes to the body that may temporarily or permanently manipulate personality.Biological and Humanistic Approaches to PersonalityTheories of personalities have been studied for many decades. The biological and humanistic approaches to personality have both become infamous in studying the science behind personality. Abraham Maslow unquestionable the hierarchy of inevitably because he did not believe that the conditioning theories adequately portrayed the complexity of human behavior. In analyzing both the biological and humanistic theories, one can see where Maslow may have been right in that assumption. The basic perceptions of humanistic and biological theories vary significantly.There are slightly basic ideas behind humanistic psychology. Humanists focus on the present ki nd of than looking at the past or toward the future. Well individuals should take debt instrument for themself regardless of the actions and every individual possess inherent worth. Even negative actions do not negate the value of the person. The achievement of personal growth and understanding is the goal of life (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). On the other hand biological theorists believe that genetics can determine a persons personality.Some concepts state that even if biology plays no direct portion in personality, the way a person looks affects how one sees himself/herself and how others interrelate with him/her. This uncaused affect controls how a person develops into adulthood. Biological viewpoints teach that intelligence and genes could square off a persons personality. Temperament and mental disorders are thought to be determined by biology. Humanistic theories seem to be generalized, though biological theories are overcomplicated. Although they are wide-ranging opposit es in their concepts, together they restrain the essence of personality.Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist believed that the tidy sum are not controlled by the mechanical forces which include the reinforcement and stimuli forces of behaviorism or some unconscious mind instinctual impulse of the psychoanalysis. He placed his main focus on what people can really do as opposed to their limitations. His hierarchy of take has established a major(ip) precedence on which human interactions can follow so as to make sure that they achieve productive as well as agreeable outcome. The main essence is to real prepare people for common existence with themselves and those who are around.The essence of humanistic psychology is normally similar to cognitive psychology as it does accommodate behavior more than just a stimulus that is determined and indeed recognizes perception as the actual essence of actions and behavior (Valiunas, 2012). His hierarchy of postulate does diddle how exactly growth ought to influence formation of personality. He developed his personality guess in relation to the necessarily of people. It shows the main influences of human needs to formation of their unique personalities. Maslow contemplates that each trait of human performance conveys to a complete individual.Maslow consequently referred to these functions as the hierarchy of needs. In his theory Maslow states that there are five key categories of an individual needs. The initial course is physiological needs such as food, water, air, clothing, shelter, and sleep. Previous to realizing or achieving the needs on this level it becomes unfeasible to even consider the next phratry (Valiunas, 2012). The following category is related to preventativety, which basically assimilates the need for feeling safe and secured. The third of category in Maslow hierarchy of needs comprises the superstar of belonging, needs, and love.It is demythologised because once an individual is secur ed then he/she can demand for sense of belonging and love. The next category has to do with self-esteem it encompasses the need for education, obeisance, self-competence, and achievement. This is a very important level of needs to an individuals personality this level is where an individual focuses his/her energy to feeling proficient, they learn to respect him/her, and to respect others. According to Maslows theory, needs impact individual personality in a way that before they hit the highest point of need in the hierarchy one feels discouraged consequently affecting his/her personality.Individuals in the eldest category do not believe in themselves and be lacking(p) in motivation in life, and tend to implicate different personality compared to those on the highest category of needs. Those on first category of needs will tend to also lack confidence in whatever they do as opposed to those who have achieved self- actualization (Valiunas, 2012). Biological factors are related to s ome extent with the Maslows hierarchy of personality because biological factors for cause brains, heredity and physical characteristics are needed during the growth level.There are deuce biological factors that influence the formation of personality of an individual, heredity and environment factor. Inheritance of a trait is pertinent to individuals personality (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Basically, individuals inherit a propensity towards a definite structure and propensity to function in definite ways, thus influencing the individual personality development. On the environmental factor, the advert between the mother and a child for biological fulfillment play an important function in personality growth.Care and love set up a sense of protection and security. Humanistic theories of personality do represent an affirmative view of human behavior. Personality is usually defined as the organized as well as the dynamic set of versatile characteristics which are possessed by people and which influences their cognitions, behavior as well as their motivations (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Humanistic psychology does emphasize that people do have a free will and do play active role in the determining of how exactly they tend to behave.Humanistic psychology usually focuses on the subjective experience of individuals as opposed to definitive and forced factors which determine behavior. Maslow does believe that all people who are interested in growing ought to move towards the self-actualization level of happiness and satisfaction. The psychological perspectives on expanding upon of personality do remain influential which comprises of humanistic perspective, isodynamic and existential perspectives, and cognitive, sociocultural and behavioral perspective (Valiunas, 2012). There are many factors that determine our personality.Some of these factors are either humanistic or biological. Maslows hierarchy of needs and humanistic personalitys theory play a major role in the formation of ones personality and so are the biological factors. Though humanistic and biological theories are opposites, they do comprise of the main essence of personality and the blend between these two theories creates effective results. While humanistic and biological theories have many differences and fewer similarities, both theories try to address the issues of personality and try to give a better understanding of personality traits.Biological and Humanistic Approaches to PersonalityBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality PSY250 As research into personality progressed, scientists began to look beyond psychoanalysis and trait theories for other explanations into how personality develops. They started to look at the biological factors that influence personality formation (Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey Gray, Sir Francis Galton (genetic study of twins)), the effect of growth needs on personality formation (Abraham Maslow), and the basic aspects of the humanistic personal ity theory and how it compares to the biological explanation of personality formation (Eric Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow).These topics will be considered in more detail in the following discussion. Although environment plays a part in personality, genes also make significant contributions. Some genetic disorders, such as Angelman or Williams syndrome are characterized by excessive happiness and friendliness. Biological aspects of a persons temperament, such as introversion/extroversion, actively, and impulsively, also help shape the personality. Studies of identical twins have shown that twins separated at birth and raised in different environments still share many personality traits.Therefore, we are not simply blank slates totally influenced by what our environment writes on us. Responses to certain environmental stimuli seem to be hard-wired into our nervous system and endocrine systems. Electroencephalograms (EEG) have shown that, at a very basic level, extroverts show les s arousal to stimulation then introverts do. Hans Eysenck theorized that because of this low level of arousal, extroverts seek out stimulating circumstances while introverts, who may be receiving too much stimulation from the environment, try to get away from it all by shying away from stimulating environments.Differences in activation of the brains hemispheres may also effect personality formation. Greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is believed to have a role in negative emotions, may cause over reaction to negative stimuli. On the other hand, higher activation of the left hemisphere, thought to play a role in positive emotions, could result in more powerful reactions to positive stimuli. Jeffrey Gray proposed the idea that our nervous systems may be responsible for influencing whether we are more motivated by punishment or reward.Disruption in the function of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin can also effect personality. Will Sheldon expanded on Ernest K retschmers ideas that body type might be connected to certain mental disorders and applied them to the general population. Sheldon developed three body types and associated personality characteristics mesomorphs muscular, large-boned athletic, ectomorphs slender studious, and endomorphs roly-poly good-natured. Sheldons ideas were too simplistic, but it might be possible that certain biological factors could affect both personality and body type.Social influences may affect body type, which may in turn affect how others react. Both aspects can influence personality development. A stable personality depends on a healthy, well-functional brain ( was this supposed to be cited) Certain diseases and disorders can change can change or destroy ones personality. Strokes damage part of the brain and can cause a dramatic change in personality. Picks disease also causes deterioration of the brain. It may cause a marked change in in a persons beliefs or preferences.Alzheimers disease, as the disease becomes advanced, seems to result in total loss of personality. Postpartum depression is triggered by a biological process. Severe, untreated symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, and persistent disturbing thoughts of suicide, being possessed, or harming the infant. Environmental toxins, such as mercury, and both legal and illegal drugs, including Valium, Prozac, cocaine, and herion, can result in biological changes to the body that may temporarily or permanently alter personality.