The Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) Economic Systems Reformation Essay Example for Free

The Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) Economic Systems Reformation Essay In recent years, developing countries have been transformed from very low economic development to being among the highest ranked economically developed states. Examples include Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). This economic growth has been realized due to the adoption of the market socialism structures from their earlier systems which were centrally planned. Besides, a consensus was arrived at that the countries ought to build democracy whose basis was the rule of law and private ownership. As a result, these countries have greatly benefited and continued to expand in their economies day in day out. Some of these key success factors in the adoption of the BRIC economic systems are highlighted as under. The adoption of market socialist structures have led to market freedom, consequently making transactions to be monetary, carried out in the market and being reasonably free. Besides, these countries have their inflation rates decreasing, measurably to single digits. This has also been facilitated by the large national output being attained from enterprises that are privately owned. Market socialism also saved the countries from the slumping output and the resources misallocations that the rent seekers, who were the rivals of the radical reformers, had caused. Additionally, the actions of the rent seekers aimed at amassing wealth to themselves by disorganizing the economy and subsidizing the credits which had adverse effects on the rates of inflation. A radical market system ensured macroeconomic stabilization, deregulation, new social safety formation and privatization. However, the successes achieved were remarkably diverse in each country resulting from the different choices of policies that these countries implemented. Additionally, these policies have been the determinants of the prevailing conditions in these countries. For instance, the Central European countries adopted privatization and normal market economies and this has seen the elimination of corruption in their economies. Besides, democracy is unimpeachable. Asian countries, the likes of China and Russia realized low rates of taxes, labor markets which were liberal and their social transfers were limited. The low taxes have hastened the growth rate of the economies of these countries to the current high levels. Additionally, the income taxes are low and flat while the corporate profit taxes are decreasing with time thus the labor markets have proliferated (Aslund, 2007). These factors were a replica in Latin America, specifically in Brazil. China had started her reforms in the agriculture sector that proved to be successful, although this sector was considered to be small in the Soviet economy. Due to market socialism, deregulation in prices was born and this fostered the growth of the country’s economy. Moreover, her macroeconomic stability still remained even after the hyperinflation that occurred in the Soviet Union. Due to this success in china, Russia sought to follow suit. Privatization is a precondition of both democracy and market economy and this has led to the virtual economic growth. The underlying relationship between privatization and economic growth is the ability of the private enterprises to perform better than their public counterparts. These countries, by privatizing their enterprises, saved both human and physical capital from irreversible destruction. To add on, market socialism propelled the achievement of macroeconomic policies that are sound, reforms in the market structures, commodity boom and reductions in the public expenditures in all members of the BRIC. Researches by economists have greatly been attracted in these countries, especially China, India and Russia on these countries impact on the global economy and also the factors that led to the realization of this success. In China, market socialism led to the investment of capital on a large scale basis which is financed by not only the domestic savings that are huge but also by the foreign investors. Through the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and the Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs), household savings were expanded (Jonathan, 2010). This shift greatly promoted exports, made measurable increment in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and fostered the development of infrastructural facilities. In the case of India, improvement in the productivity of labor was held liable for the economic growth. The registration of the manufacturing companies and privatization brought about positive economic effects. Russia, on the other hand, benefited from the increased international oil prices and the appropriate levels in the exchange rates thus earning high profits from her exports. Brazil, like Russia, benefited from her exports. Socialist’s efforts in Brazil enabled the realization of public policies that led to creation of more jobs and stronger governance (Shikida, 2005). Although the economic successes in these countries seem to be arising from the adoption of similar market strategies, some divergences are notable. In both India and China, areas with the greatest growth are mainly located in the coastal regions as compared to their landlocked backward regions in the rural areas. In Russia, hydrocarbons are identified as the cause of the divergence and these are mainly concentrated in West Siberia. In addition, all countries adopted the liberalization strategy at different timings. China first went through a period of pro-market liberalization and reformed through the pro-business approach. India started with privatization and later indulged in international trade while Russia underwent the big bang reforms; characterized with simultaneous economy opening and privatization (Alessandrini Bucellato, 2008). Russia later simplifies its tax systems, reconstructed the legal, health and pension systems, regulated her natural monopolies and made the land resources tradable. References Aslund, A. (2007). How Capitalism was Built: The transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Alessandrini, M. Bucellato, T. (2008). China, India and Russia: Economic Reforms, Structural Change and Regional Disparities. London: Oxford Press Jonathan (2010). China and the Global Business System. Retrieved on 17 August 2010 from http://www. vub. ac. be/biccs/site/assets/files/apapers/20100202%20-%20Story. pdf Shikida, C. (2005). Brazil from Import Substitution to the 21st Century. What is left to do? Retrieved on 17 August 2010 from http://www. ceaee. ibmecmg. br/wp/wp30. pdf

The Ego and the Id Essay -- essays research papers

Over the years, people have wondered what goes on in a person\\'s mind that guides them to meet their needs. Sigmund Freud developed a system of personality that boldly attempts to explain the course of personality and what was it origins. Freud theory assumes that one\\'s personality is shaped and some powerful inner forces motivate one\\'s behavior. According to Freud, personality differences commence from the different ways in which people deal with their underlying drives. By picturing a continuing battle between antagonistic parts of personality, Freud was able to develop three systems that make up the total personality. The three systems of personality are the id, ego, and the superego. If the three systems work together in harmony and unite together to form one complete organization, it enables one to create a positive transaction with the environment. If the systems are fighting with each other, one is said to be dissatisfied with himself or the world. By examining the ego, the id, and the superego, one should see how these three systems of personality play an important role in the development of one\\'s personality. In doing so one should understand what conscious and unconscious, and the functions of the id, ego, and superego. Freud did not invent the idea of the conscious versus the unconscious. However, he was responsible for making it popular. What you are of aware of at any particular moment is called being conscious. By being conscious you are aware of certain things such as your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, and fantasies. All of our knowledge is bound up with consciousness. Consciousness is the surface of the mental The Ego and the Id 3 apparatus. All perceptions, whether it is received from both within and without, are conscious. Freud (1960) said \\"that very powerful mental processes of ideas exist which can produce all the effects of the mental life that ordinary ideas do, though they themselves do not become conscious\\" (p. 4). This is an indication that there are other parts of the mind in which thoughts occur. According to Freud (1960), \\"the state in which the ideas existed before being made conscious is called by us repression\\" (p. 4). It is by the theory of repression that the concept of the unconscious is obtained. The unconscious is the largest part of the mind. All the things that are not easily available t... ...e or feelings of guilt or inferiority the superego will take on the role of the parents. It is the super ego that inner restraints on upon lawlessness and disorderly, thus enabling a person to become a law abiding member of society. The ego struggle to keep the id happy. The ego meets with obstacles in the world. It occasionally with objects that actually assists it in attaining it goals. The ego keeps a record of the obstacles and aides. It also keeps a record of punishments and rewards administered out by the two must influential objects in the world of a child, its mom and dad. This record of things to avoid and strategies to take becomes the superego. As stated earlier the primary function of the id is to satisfy its immediate instincts, drive and urges it superego that links the mind to society and reality. As Freud (1960) states \\"superego is however, not simply a residue of the earliest choices of the id; it also represents an energetic reaction formation against those choices\\" (p.24). The id, ego, and superego play a vital role in a person\\'s development of their personality. If thy work together in harmony a person will grow up to be a be a healthy mentally person.

Harris Bergeron & by the Waters of Babylon Essay

In the story, Harrison Bergeron, one learns that the author, Kurt Vonnegut, does not like the way society is. He does not like how people judge one another because one is not as attractive, or smarter, or funnier. He portrays this idea into the story by creating a society full of people that are equal. For example, in the beginning one gets to know that George is actually really intelligent as was all Hazel, but not as much as George. George cannot be smarter than Hazel or anyone, so to control the way he thinks he has to wear a mental handicap that receives different sounds to scatter his thoughts (Vonnegut, p. 34). Although, many people are fine with the way this society is being ran, in one section George explains to Hazel what would happen if he took his handicaps off then he will not be equal with everyone else, it is not fair to Hazel either because she has to keep wearing hers, â€Å"And pretty soon we’d be right back to the dark ages again†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Vonnegut, p. 3 7). However, Harrison Bergeron, a 14 year-old boy, does not agree with this. â€Å"Now watch me come what I can become!† (Vonnegut, p. 39). He believes people should not be equal and be able to use the skills others do not have. On page 39, Harrison storms in and announces he is the emperor, and then he chooses his Empress and removes the handicaps from her and himself. Harrison does not want to be ruled by someone but rule himself; he wants to change the way things are being ran in this town. In the story By the Waters of Babylon, John, a son of a priest and becomes a priest himself, lives in a society where the people have many different believes. For example, many things are forbidden like going east, going into a Dead Place, unless one is a priest or a son of a priest and to search for metal, cross the river and look at the place that was once the â€Å"Place of Gods.† On page 292, John’s father is reviewing all of the forbidden places. â€Å"All these things are forbidden,† I said, but it was my voice that spoke but not my spirit,† (Benet, p. 292). â€Å"My heart was troubled about going east, yet I knew that I must go.† (Benet, p. 293). John knows going to these places is a sin, but for some reason he seems to knot agree with this. As the story progresses, John is now a man and goes off into his journey. He searches for signs; his first sign was an eagle that went east. John knows it is a sin to go east, but his gut is telling him he should go. However, he believes this was a bad spirit trying to convince him to the wrong thing. His next sign were three deers, as well as a white fawn, another sin. Then he sees a black panther which attacks the white fawn. This represents a ying and a yang, good and evil. John says it is better to die than loose his spirit (Benet, p. 294). At the John decides he will travel to the Place of Gods, even though he might die he wants to know the truth. Once John arrived he realizes all those stories he was told as a boy were false. â€Å"†¦ the tales say, that the ground burned forever, for I have been there†¦.. It is not true either, what some of our priests say, that the island covered with fogs and enchantments.† (Benet, p. 296). John then explains that the Place of Gods is a regular dead place, with cracked roads, damaged buildings and high towers. The knowledge John has gained burned in him, he said on page 296. At the end of his journey he realizes that the god s were regular men that lived before him. He explains to his father there were never any real ‘gods’. John wants to share this knowledge with the people of his town; however his father says it is better to tell the knowledge little by little because if one ate too much truth at once, one may die of the truth. (Benet, p. 301). John says he learned that being a priest, ate knowledge too fast. (Benet, p. 301).

The Schools Process For Financial Expenditures Not Being...

Introduction Edwin M Wells Middle School, in Houston, Texas, is part of the Spring ISD. The school, in 2015, reports enrolling 1,165 students in grades six through eight, and it has 69 teachers on staff. The problem is the school s process for financial expenditures not being well aligned with students needs. By streamlining the process for financial expenditures, it will ensure the expenditures fulfill students needs efficiently and appropriately. The impact the problem is having is that when the lessons are not fully supplemented with the required supplies there is a lack of engagement in the classroom. Therefore, the system must be streamlined in order to fulfill student needs. Methodology and Results Improvement Cycle #1:†¦show more content†¦In the observations of the classrooms, we had a chance to observe a lesson that had the correct supplies. In this classroom setting, a large number of the students appeared to be engaged and were able to answer questions easily. The students interacted better in the class when the supplies were present because they were able to have visual and hands on references to engage the students. We also observed a classroom that did not have the supplies needed and found that a large percentage of the students were not engaged, and a few had their heads down on their desks. In this class, when the teacher asked questions only three students participated and the rest did not. During both classroom visits we made sure to pick similar teachers that were teaching the same subject with similar lesson plans. We began to see the effect of not having supplies versus having a well-supplied classroom. We then realized that the school s process for fin ancial expenditures is not well aligned with students needs and was affecting the end product, which provides the engagement and educational needs of the students. If we could repeat this process, we would have tested more classrooms to see if these observations continued. We would test to see if supplies received on time helped keep students engaged, and increased successful learning by aiding in student