Zoot Suit

Richard Martinez Professor George LIT413 September 29, 2011 Theme Essay Today there are many different pieces to choose from in literature. This paper will be discussing the two novels of Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez and The Milagro Beanfield War by John Nichols. Zoot Suit is also a play and The Milagro Beanfield War was made into a film. Zoot suit is actually the first Hispanic play to be written. It is to be the only Hispanic play that exists today. The main character in Zoot Suit is Henry Reyna the leader of the 38th street gang.The main character in The Milagro Beanfield war is Joe Mondragon a hardworking family man. These two pieces of work have some of the same themes but one that stands out the most is the Hispanic culture. Zoot Suits Description The main character in the novel Zoot Suit is Henry Reyna and he is the leader of the 38th street gang. There is also the narrator which was called Pachuco meaning a Hispanic gangster who dressed really nice in that time in a Zoot Suit, cl ean cut, slick back hair, and belonged to a neighborhood gang.A Zoot Suit is a suit that has a long coat with wide shoulders, baggy pants but cuffed tight at the bottom with a big chain hanging on the side from the wallet pocket to the front belt loop. Hispanic gangs have been around for years now and are still on the rise. Many Hispanic gangs set new trends and tried hard to fit in with others. In the 1940’s Zoot Suitors’ were the popular gangs of the Hispanics and even some African Americans. In this story there was even a Caucasian in the 38th street gang. The Zoot Suit gangs originated in Los Angeles and expanded to New York and other big cities.Henry Reyna Henry Reyna is a young man trying to join the navy. Henry ends up getting blamed for the crime Pachuco committed. Henry was tried with many of his Zoot Suit amigos. It was a fishy trial to begin with his only way out was to be convicted and filing for an appeal. During the trial Henry’s defense attorney w as incapable of getting any objections. The judge was Caucasian and was prejudice and was on the prosecutions side. During this time frame Hispanics were not treated very well. In the 1940’s Hispanics were looked down on. Hispanics were at the bottom of the food chain.Many time Hispanics were frowned upon because of the crimes committed by Hispanics and not the good things that were done by Hispanics. Hispanics were always stereotyped by Americans. Language In Zoot Suit there is strong language used. There is also Spanish used as well as Spanish slang. Many nicknames were used to refer to certain people. There was also profanity used that made the book more exciting to read. It brought out the emotion in characters. Enrique Reyna, Henry’s father mentioned that calling Hispanics Chicanos means trash and to say Mexicanos instead because it is a better term to use.Many of the terms used in this book are only going to be heard by veteranos today, or Hispanic gangs. Huisa t oday is not a common word used in today’s society. Conclusion Zoot Suit and The Milagro Beanfield war are both Hispanic novels that are similar to one another in many ways. The themes for these novels are culture and pride between the characters of Henry Reyna and Joe Mondragon. These two individuals are both strong individuals that carry a lot of pride because that’s the way that Hispanics carry themselves. Hispanics fight for what is right.Today Hispanics still get mistreated because of their skin color and the gangs that they affiliated with. Both Henry Reyna and Joe Mondragon had to deal with the people in order to accomplish their goal. Henry Reyna had to fight to prove his innocence. Joe Mondragon had to fight to have his beanfield. Another common thing in these novels is Hispanics fighting Hispanics. This situation still exists in society today. Not just Hispanics but everybody is trying to fit in. ? References Nichols, John. The Milagro Beanfield War. New York, 1974, 1994. Print. Valdez, Luis. Zoot Suit. 1992. Print.

The Most Devastating Lifestyle Disease

Disease concept note: Type 2 diabetesBy:College:Course:Professor:Date:Type 2 diabetesDiabetes has been named as one of the most devastating lifestyle disease on the globe. Unlike other diseases caused by lifestyle practices like cancer; it has no curative medicine. If affected one is advised to maintain a strict prescribed routine and medication to help return body cells to their normal functioning. Only two types of diabetes exist and both have the same causes. Apart from Glucose levels; insulin levels dictated by livers production in ones bloodstream that dictate if he or she affected with either type of diabetes strains. In type 2; better as diabetes mellitus, the glucose measure in blood is comparatively high to the insulin to counter it in the blood stream. Insulin is a fluid originating from the liver to facilitate the intake of processed glycogen into all body tissues, glucose is essential as it acts like the fuel that make all the vital organs function. Surprisingly, the two types of diabetes have same origins and use almost the same treatments. A slight disparity is only noticed when two patients in question come from distinct age brackets. If so, there treatment differs. It is mostly adults above 41 years that get the disease due to inactivity and obesity. If exhibited in children the cause is usually narrowed to one hence treatment becomes easy.Signs and Symptomsfrequent thirst and urination When glucose builds up in the body, tissues usually become dehydrated because the glucose will be sucking water from them too maintain it aqueous state. In effect the patient will feel dehydrated, drink water frequently and urinate all the time.Increased hunger; if the tissues exhibit prolonged resistance to insulin, their glucose levels will gradually decrease and this will culminate their inactivity. They will send hunger triggers to the brain and the affected patient will be compelled to feel hungry from time to time.Weight loss; if tissues in the body resist insulin all the time, the body will adjust naturally by slowly burning the glycogen deposits in muscles into glucose. This will lead to a drastic loss of body weight. General body weakness and fatigue; these effects are caused by prolonged hunger and weight loss. The muscles in limbs will be dehydrated and the patient will frequently feel tiredBlurred vision; the body will naturally tend to dehydrate other body organs to stabilize its level of manufactured glucose running in the blood. The eye balls will be dehydrated; this will be followed by an uncomfortable itchy and eventually a blurred vision.Slow scab formation on injuries and sores; high sugar levels hamper the production of heparin; the effect being reduction coagulation. After this; untreated wounds and sores will take long to heal if not heal at all. Acanthosis; this is the appearance of dark spots and skin fold and creases. High Sugar level will cause the body defense system to become weak and the patient will have an altered skin appearance due to fungal and bacterial inhibitionCausesLifestyle; One's lifestyle is always pivotal to how his body functions, if one fat and sugar consumption has risen then he or she is more likely to experience devastating effect of diabetes mellitus. Generic trait transfer; If from the patients lineage there has been history of the diseases then it is more likely that that the disease was inherited.Insulin resistance: when tissues in the body frequently resist insulin, the likelihood of type 2 diabetes to take effect increases. As the absorption rate of glucose reduces the chances of disease creeping in skyrockets. ComplicationsWhen type 2 diabetes goes is not stabilized or of the treatment does not work then the following complications will appear. Note; these complications may appear gradually, or sporadically.Atheroscherosis; it is the hardening and tightening of blood vessels. When blood sugar levels rise they will corrode then clog the walls of veins. This may lead to insensitivity of limbs.Cardiovascular disease; the effect of glucose clogging the walls of blood veins is that the lumen will narrow and blood will pressure will increase. The later consequence of this is heart attack, stroke and eventually death.Neuropathy; high sugar levels cause severe injury on capillaries. he effect of this are tingly, burning, numbness or pain feeling arising from the feet up to other body organs in the thorax. Kidney damage; delicate capillaries located in the kidneys will be damaged and the blood filtration process will halt causing the kidney to fail.RemediesThere is no curative medicine for the disease and medicine is only prescribed to help calm the effects or hasten some the healing process. The below remedies are given as recommendations as they only touch on the patient's lifestyle.Diet check; a diabetic patient must be cautious of the fat and sugar levels in his meal. Foods that have cholesterol, trans fat, and saturated fats should avoided at all costs.Regular exercise; this helps reduce the fat level in blood. Excess fat makes body tissues resistant to insulin. Exercise will also maintain the blood flow in one's body. It doesn't have to vigorous; a 30 minute a day is enough.Weight check; drastic weight loss is a sign of the disease advancing and weight gain to uninfected people increases the infection risk. These are enough reasons to keep ones weight in check. Regular medical checkup; glucose tests should be done regularly to ascertain the sugar levels in ones blood. It is only by the checkups that a patient will monitor the progress of the disease.ReferencesSource of symptoms and signs of type 2 diabeteshttps://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/type-2-diabets/symptoms-causes/Source of causes and remedies type 2 diabeteshttps://www.everydaydiseases.com/heart-health/heart-disease-and-diabetics

Environmental Audit Concerning Entry of TESCO in Bahrain Essay

Environmental Audit Concerning Entry of TESCO in Bahrain - Essay Example are (1) The Political Environment (2) The Economic Environment (3) The Socio-Cultural Environment (4) The Technological Environment (5) The External Environment and (6) The Legal Environment (Boddy & Paton, 2009, 5). Analysis of each of these elements separately will indicate the opportunities and threats they hold for a business entering that particular local environment- it is largely country specific. Michael Porter has mentioned in his book ‘Competitive Strategy’ that there are five forces impacting on the survival of any firm in a particular industry. These are (1) Barriers to Entry and Exit (2) Bargaining Power of Buyers (3) Bargaining Power of Suppliers (4) Threats of Substitutes and (5) Competitive Rivalry (Porter, 1980, 15). Obviously TESCO has to take a look at all these elements while considering its proposed entry into Bahrain. PESTEL Analysis of TESCO from the Perspective of a Setup in Bahrain I will start this part of my paper by narrating a short history o f TESCO’s origins and its methods of expansion as I believe these have an impact on organizational culture and management’s thinking and analysis of opportunities and threats. I will next launch into the particular environments in Bahrain and see what opportunities or threats each of the six forces discussed above in PESTEL provide for TESCO in terms of setting up business here. Tesco began operating in the UK in 1919 after its founder Jack Cohen purchased a running business from one T.E Stockwell: he took the first three initials TES and added the first two of his last name CO from Cohen to serve as a name for the newly acquired enterprise. TESCO initially was a grocery store type outlet in which the founder sold surplus items. The first branded TESCO store made its appearance in 1929 in Burnt... This assignment is an attempt to conduct an Environmental Audit for an international brand TESCO entering Bahrain market. A company like TESCO must think very carefully before it embarks on an international expansion. The author believes conducting an environmental analysis and using the PESTEL format to analyze forces in the local environment of Bahrain may give positive or negative signals to TESCO management. Therein lies the importance of an environmental analysis to TESCO or any other firm considering investment in Bahrain. The work provides the description of a typical environmental audit. It involves the analysis of the following six forces affecting the business environment, in terms of the opportunities and threats they provide for new entrants. These are (1) The Political Environment (2) The Economic Environment (3) The Socio-Cultural Environment (4) The Technological Environment (5) The External Environment and (6) The Legal Environment. The analysis of each of these eleme nts separately indicate the opportunities and threats they hold for TESCO. The author also conducts the Analysis of Opportunities and Threats, Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT), where the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses regarding TESCO’s proposed entry into Bahrain are discussed. The conclusion of the work is TESCO will not go wrong in entering the Bahraini marketplace if it chooses to position itself as a low-cost provider and a premium goods seller, targeting all and different segments of the market.

Global Compensation Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Compensation Issues - Essay Example There exists laws that regulate salaries and wages and human resources professionals must act within the guidelines of such laws. This study will look at China’s compensation structures and compensation issues. China is a communist state in East of Asia continent. It has a population of approximately 1.39 billion people and fourth largest country in the world. China’s terrain is rugged with hills and depressions which include the Himalayas Mountains and the Turfan Depression. It has to main and important rivers namely; the Yellow River and Yangzi River. China experiences four weather seasons of summer autumn, spring and winter. During winter temperatures can drop to a level of -50 degree Celsius. China’s financial year is from 1st January to 31st December and had a GDP of 10.355 trillion US dollars in 2014 with its main industries being manufacturing, mining and food processing. China’s transport system includes railways, roads air and water. This makes most towns in this Republic accessible. The existence of navigable rivers has led to development of inland river ports and a reliable water transport system. The main mode of communication is telephone with approximately 23.68 Chinese citizens connected to telephone lines. The communist government in China has had a lot of influence in the country’s labor market. Regulation of the labor market through legislation has caused redistribution of the readily available labor in China. In order to improve the levels of production, the government initiated programs targeted at moving labor from low production sectors to high production sectors of the economy The large population provides huge supply of labor to China’s industries. In the earlier years, there was excess supply of both skilled and non-skilled labor. From the economics of demand and supply, the result was low cost of labor for different players in different industries

Family and Child Clinic Feasibility Study Term Paper

Family and Child Clinic Feasibility Study - Term Paper Example The incorporation will help the clinic avoid loads of costly asset purchases and other time-consuming needs such as assignment of leases. Budgets for marketing might be trimmed as the larger hospital will undertake the marketing costs. Knowledge and Expertise Incorporation will help the new clinic make use of highly trained and skilled health professionals from the larger hospital. Development departments not available in the clinic such as Researchers and scientists will work together with staff from the clinic to generate great innovative services. Combined skills of the marketing staff will generate more sales and the net result is increased profitability and shareholder value. Market Penetration Incorporation will facilitate first market penetration as it is established, associated with more customers. I will have to incorporate the clinic with a hospital that has demonstrated successfully in separate markets such as pharmaceutical company in the State (Finkelstein & Cooper 2010). Disadvantages The only disadvantage I will have is that the incorporation/merger has to be approved by votes of the stockholders of each firm. Two-thirds of the share votes will be required for the approval. Although I have experience and a good reputation of successfully leading mergers and acquisitions of hospitals, the process of obtaining the required votes has always proved to be time-consuming and difficult. The cooperation of the stakeholders is not easily obtainable. The process of incorporation involves gathering votes from the stakeholders and the board members to determine those in support of the merger. If enough votes are gathered in support of the merges, then the transaction will be effected and the dissenting shareholders will be obliged to go along with the process of incorporation (Finkelstein & Cooper 2010). Feasibility Study Family and Child will start as a non profit organization of an already established nonprofit hospital. This sort of arrangement is referred as fiscal spons orship. Feasibility will help to determine whether time is convenient to launch the project. Public support is also a common characteristic for all non profits. Feasibility study will therefore determine whether the initiative has public support that is feasible. The key questions to be answered by the feasibility study include; Will the clinic intended merges support the initiative and the incorporation process? Is the wider community beneficiary of the initiative support the initiative to level that will make the initiative feasible? Time will then be spent to determine that the initiative will be sustainable (Judith, 2009). The feasibility will involve testing depth of the supporter’s commitment to the program. The propose clinic will be described to a reasonable list of p[potential supporters and careful analysis of their replies will make a sober assessment. A consultant who will interview staff from the clinic will do this. Board members, community leaders, top and pros pective donors will be interviewed. The consultant selected will be someone from the outside that not having any biased agenda but simply undertaking the fact-finding mission. People are more likely to tell a stranger both the affirmative and unenthusiastic aspects of the organization. They will be comfortable to genuinely express their feelings with a stranger rather than share them with the executive director or board member (Finkelstein & Cooper 2010). This term contract is made between the Family and Child clinic and; Personal Information 1. Name: 2. Date of Birth(mm/dd/yy): 3.

Pharmacy Technician Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pharmacy Technician Experience - Essay Example This experience proved that the field of Pharmacy is multifaceted that a mere experience would not suffice to satisfy the professional demand of pharmacy. I have decided to pursue a doctorate degree in Pharmacy to competently respond to the demands of the profession both in the practical as well as scientific aspect of the job. For the short term, I am interested to further my knowledge in the practical aspect of pharmacy by engaging in the retail and hospital environments with the long term objective of becoming a scientist in the pharmaceutical industry. Obtaining my Doctor of Pharmacy will not only provide me with the competence in the field of research but will also provide the rare privilege of being a trusted member in my profession as well as community. This knowledge, experience and trust however must be earned especially in the demanding field of pharmacy particularly if one is to pursue a doctorate

Drug testing for employers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drug testing for employers - Research Paper Example Most of the employers carry out drug tests because drug abuse in working places leads to substantial health and safety threats, which can result to low production and lower employees’ morale to work. These threats have additional costs from health care claims, which involve short-term claims from disabilities. So, most employers carry out drug test in order to deter their employees from drug abuse and avoiding to hire drug addicts in their organizations. In addition, they drug test them to offer harmless working environment to their employees and abide by the state regulations (Straete 135)A firm may need a drug examination in various conditions. Firstly, it may be during the pre-employment test to avoid hiring drug addicts. These tests happen after a condition that, one has to pass drug examination before getting the job, so when the interviewee fails the test he/she loses the job. Secondly, firms conduct drug test due to reasonable suspicion from employees showing some drug use symptoms and after an accident to define if drugs were the main cause.   Thirdly, a firm can do drug test randomly by not announcing or alerting the employees, this works as a deterrent. Lastly, the test can be periodic where by testing arrangements happen earlier before administering it to the employees.Drugs mostly show up in body fluids and sometimes through hair test. Drug testing at work place can be through different methods these include hair, urine, saliva and blood. During hair test, there is drug detection.... So, most employers carry out drug test in order to deter their employees from drug abuse and avoiding to hire drug addicts in their organizations. In addition, they drug test them to offer harmless working environment to their employees and abide by the state regulations (Straete 135) A firm may need a drug examination in various conditions. Firstly, it may be during the pre-employment test to avoid hiring drug addicts. These tests happen after a condition that, one has to pass drug examination before getting the job, so when the interviewee fails the test he/she loses the job. Secondly, firms conduct drug test due to reasonable suspicion from employees showing some drug use symptoms and after an accident to define if drugs were the main cause. Thirdly, a firm can do drug test randomly by not announcing or alerting the employees, this works as a deterrent. Lastly, the test can be periodic where by testing arrangements happen earlier before administering it to the employees. Drugs mos tly show up in body fluids and sometimes through hair test. Drug testing at work place can be through different methods these include hair, urine, saliva and blood. During hair test, there is drug detection in the hair revealing the existence of drugs in the body but this method is not accurate. Secondly, drug test through blood analysis which is the most accurate but expensive method. Thirdly, drug test via saliva and sweat examinations, the test is accurate but not popular among work places. Finally, urine testing is less invasive compared to blood examination as it is the cheapest and detects the most recent single consumption of drugs, making it the most applicable drug testing method (Straete 133). Drug testing at the work

( No topic ) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

( No topic ) - Lab Report Example Automata can be described as whimsical themed or mechanical device that is constructed to act as if by its own power. Sometimes they are referred to as mechanical toys or kinetic art. Automata are marvelous machines that use most of the mechanical processes which can be found in almost every modern machine. They are powered through the use of a hand crank that turns a drive shaft which may include cranks, cams, cam followers, ratchets, levers, linkages, pushrods or gears. These mechanical systems are used in power transmission to transmit the input of rotary motion into outputs of linear, rotary, reciprocal or oscillatory motion. All these combined inputs and outputs lead to a cause and effect relationship that is used to make the automaton to move. In modern times, the design and creation of automata is related to the same principle mechanics involved with the design of robotics. The relationships in the input and output motions is critical to the designer. The automata, as researched and done by Paul Spooner and as displayed in the Cabaret Mechanical Theatre, shows that from as early as 1960s, the idea of automata has been in existence and has been improved since then. The period 1860 to 1910 is known as the golden age of automata. During this period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived. Contemporary automata continue in the footsteps of the earlier inventors rather than technological sophistication. These contemporary automata are represented by the works of the Cabaret Mechanical Theatre in U.K, Dug North and Chomick in the U.S. some mechanized toys developed during the 18th and 19th centuries are automata made with paper. Despite the relative simplicity of material. Paper automata require a high degree of technical

Comparison of world views in the universe next door Essay

Comparison of world views in the universe next door - Essay Example The book then progresses to shoe how ensuing world views, including naturalism, deism, nihilism and existentialism, have developed from Christian Theism and where they have deviated. Sire also sheds light upon their weaknesses and where they have failed. The book further discusses how Eastern Pantheism and post modernism have affected western culture and its world views. The book is written as sort of a manual that will help Christians understand why they hold the views they do. Sire believes that knowing one’s own views is of great significance. Thus, right in the beginning, the author clearly highlights the prerequisite for being â€Å"fully conscious intellectually†, which is to be fully aware of one’s own worldview and to know exactly why one holds that view despite so many other views that surround one. From Sire’s definition we see that the ‘world view’ has a set of essential points that distinguish it. Firstly, in a world view an idea o r concept or thought is presupposed, assumed or implicitly understood. This implies that people holding a world view have laid faith or belief upon something that has led them to presuppose this idea or concept or thought. Secondly, these views are about something that people believe to be reality, that is, our world. In a sense, a world view is a belief about the reality of the world in which a person lives. Thirdly, these assumptions are held either consciously or sub-consciously but are influenced by something external to the person.

Ethics and the War on Terrorism Personal Statement

Ethics and the War on Terrorism - Personal Statement Example Torture and targeted killing are a method of crime prevention and reduction (Heymann & Blum, 2010). The promotion international peace and security is an important component of the U.S constitution. President Bush vowed to protect and shield America and any other state that was prone to the terrorism. Terrorism became known as the gravest crime under international law that requires a harsh response. Torture and targeted killing is limited to terror suspects based on the findings of the homeland security and CIA and does not go beyond a particular race, religion, or country where the targeted terrorists reside. Civilians who are harmed in the course of targeted killings are normal victims of consequences of war. The government maintains that the war on crime targets criminals and not any bystander who is harmed by lethal force. Approaches of fighting terrorists may lead to innocent deaths (Heymann & Blum, 2010). Remarkably, the targeted persons feel the impact. However, the constitution maintains that law enforcement officers should not use lethal force when a high number of innocent deaths is at risk. Targeted killings are means to peaceful international relations. The mission does not take place in an active combat zone. U.S uses drones to carry out the operations where there is incriminating evidence about the causes of war or terrorism activities. The peace missions have been carried out before but in the form of assassinations. United States has taken up the practice following the 9/11 attacks. The 1998 bombings of US embassies set the ground for target killings, but they were not availed to the public. Additionally, the peace missions involved governments where the targeted suspects reside (OConnell, 2012). In 2002, a remotely operated predator was used to pin down a Yemen-based terrorist, Al-Aretha. US government executed the attack following approval of Yemen governments. U.S did not use lethal force to disturb the peace within

Plx Programming Book Essay Example for Free

Plx Programming Book Essay The PLC has input lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc. ), and it has output lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e. g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ) The system is user programmable. It uses a language called Relay Ladder or RLL (Relay Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies the fact that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is being simulated. [edit]The PLCs purpose in life The PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off outputs based on input conditions and the internal program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including turning lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc. Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand most harsh environments a PLC will encounter. [edit]History of PLCs When the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press Start to start the machine and press Stop to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a wall covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control. Relays fail. The delay when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot. A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. [edit]Recent developments PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into electrical networks i. e. all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many proprietary types of networks. One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). [edit]Basic Concepts [edit]How the PLC operates The PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analog inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various output elements like hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils etc. [edit]Scan cycle Exact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a scan-cycle format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, verifying the user program logic hasnt changed, that the computer itself hasnt locked up (via a watchdog timer), and any necessary communications. Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A snapshot of the digital and analog values present at the input cards is saved to an input memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down. The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the scan cycle time, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code. [edit]Basic instructions Be aware that specific nomenclature and operational details vary widely between PLC manufacturers, and often implementation details evolve from generation to generation. Often the hardest part, especially for a beginning PLC programmer, is practicing the mental ju-jitsu necessary to keep the nomenclature straight from manufacturer to manufacturer. Positive Logic (most PLCs follow this convention) True = logic 1 = input energized. False = logic 0 = input NOT energized. Negative Logic True = logic 0 = input NOT energized False = logic 1 = input energized. Normally Open (XIC) eXamine If Closed. This instruction is true (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is energized. Normally Closed (XIO) eXamine If Open. This instruction is true (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is NOT energized. Output Enable (OTE) OuTput Enable. This instruction mimics the action of a conventional relay coil. On Timer (TON) Timer ON. Generally, ON timers begin timing when the input (enable) line goes true, and reset if the enable line goes false before setpoint has been reached. If enabled until setpoint is reached then the timer output goes true, and stays true until the input (enable) line goes false. Off Timer (TOF) Timer OFF. Generally, OFF timers begin timing on a true-to-false transition, and continue timing as long as the preceding logic remains false. When the accumulated time equals setpoint the TOF output goes on, and stays on until the rung goes true. Retentive Timer (RTO) Retentive Timer On. This type of timer does NOT reset the accumulated time when the input condition goes false. Rather, it keeps the last accumulated time in memory, and (if/when the input goes true again) continues timing from that point. In the Allen-Bradley construction this instruction goes true once setpoint (preset) time has been reached, and stays true until a RES (RESet) instruction is made true to clear it. Latching Relays (OTL) OuTput Latch. (OTU) OuTput Unlatch. Generally, the unlatch operator takes precedence. That is, if the unlatch instruction is true then the relay output is false even though the latch instruction may also be true. In Allen-Bradley ladder logic (and others) latch and unlatch relays are separate operators. However, other ladder dialects opt for a single operator modeled after RS (Reset-Set) flip-flop integrated circuit chip logic. Jump to Subroutine (JSR) Jump to SubRoutine For jumping from one rung to another the JSR (Jump to Subroutine) command is used. [edit]Wikibooks Links Programmable Logic [edit]External links Wikipedia: Programmable logic controller Ladder logic IEC 61131-3 PLC programming language standards SCADA Others: Introductory PLC PLC Complete Tutorial PLC tutorial site for beginners PLC simulator Management of your companys PLC Timeline of PLC History Basic PLC Online PLC Training Interview with Dick Morley (pdf) PLC Books Logic to Ladder Diagram (pdf) Subjects: Introductory PLC Programming | Computer engineering What do you think of this page? Please take a moment to rate this page below. Your feedback is valuable and helps us improve our website.

The Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs Essay Example for Free

The Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs Essay One of the two friends were killed, the other managed to escape† (Versii). Thirteen more murders followed, often with multiple bodies found in the same day. Two victims were found every day from July 14 through the 16 (â€Å"Lowlifes planned 40 murders†) The three suspects were arrested on July 23, 2007. Igor Suprunyuck attempted to sell a mobile phone they had stolen from one of their victims at the local pawn shop. When that phone was turned on to show that it worked, its location was tracked by law enforcement agents. Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko were arrested in the pawn shop (Katsman). Alexander Hanzha was arrested at home, reportedly managing to flush other stolen phones down the toilet. The phones were recovered, but all the information on them was lost (GlavRed). They were charged with 29 separate incidents, including 21 murders and 8 more attacks where the victims survived. Suprunyuck was charged with 27 of the cases, Sayenko was charged with 25, and Hanzha with counts of armed robbery (Kommersant). Ally three confessed quickly, Suprunyuck later withdrew his confession. Suprunyuck’s original defense awyer dropped out of the case after reportedly being disappointed at failing to have a plea of insanity accepted by his client (Segodyna). â€Å"On February 11, 2009, the court in Dnepropetrovsk found Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko guilty of premeditated murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Alexander Hanzha, who was found guilty of robbery and sentenced to nine years in prison (Olinikova). Hanzha said of Suprunyuck and Sayenko: â€Å"If I had know n the atrocities that they were capable of commiting, I would have not gone near them at gunpoint (â€Å"Dnepropetrovsk serial killers sentenced to life imprisonment†). The parents of Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko repeated their belief in the innocence of their sons. The parents of Suprunyuck and Sayenko also argued that the sentence of Alexander Hanzha had been too lenient (Segondnya). From what i’ve read, the murderers didn’t have a specific motive. â€Å"Local media reported that the killers had a plan to get rich from the murder videos that they recorded. One of the suspects’ girlfriends reported that they were planning to make forty videos of separate murders. This was corroborated by the suspects’ former classmates, who claimed that he often heard Suprunyuck was in contact with an unknown â€Å"rich foreign website creator† who ordered forty snuff videos, and would pay a large sum of money once they were made† (â€Å"Lowlifes planned 40 murders†). Regional security chief, Ivan Stupak, rejected the claim that the murders had been committed to make internet snuff videos, saying that no evidence had come to the light during the investigation that supported the claim (Segodnya). Detective Bogdan Vlasenko stated: â€Å"We think they were doing it as a hobby, to have a collection of memories when they get old (Segodnya). Deputy interior minister, Nikolay Kupyanskiy, commented â€Å"For these young men, murder was like entertainment or hunting (â€Å"Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs captured! †). â€Å"At the trial, it emerged that Suprunyuck had collected newspaper cuttings about the case† (Segodnya). â€Å"Some of the photographs of the crimes had captions added, including â€Å"The weak must die. The strongest will conquer (Segodnya). The suspects’ mobile phones and personal computers contained multiple video recordings of the murders taking place. One full video was leaked on the internet, showing the murder of 48-year-old Sergei Yatzenko. He is seen lying on his back in a wooded area, and is struck repeatedly in the face with a hammer held inside a plastic bag. One of the attackers stabs Yatzenko in the eye with a screwdriver, and also stabs him in the abdomen with the screwdriver. Yatzenko is then struck with the hammer in order to ensure that he is dead. The attack lasts over four minutes, during which the victim lapses in and out of consciousness. One of the murderers can be smiling towards the camera during the video† (â€Å"Shocking Murder Video Makes Rounds on the Internet†). Personally i’ve seen the video and I wish I could take back every minute of it. The suspects were also found in possession of multiple photographs showing them attending funerals of the victims. They can be seen smiling and â€Å"flipping off† the coffins and gravestones (â€Å"Killers captured death of victims on video (with television news video)†). The photographic and video evidence was shown in court on October 29, 2008, as part of a larger presentation of over 300 photographs and two videos (Leontieva). In conclusion, my opinion on the murders is that they were horrible. There had to be something mentally wrong with them. No one can do something like that and not have any kind of sympathy, without something being wrong with them. The Dnepropetrovsk Maniac murders were definitely some of the worst killings in the last 100 years.

Impact Of Positive Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation Management Essay

Impact Of Positive Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation Management Essay This section includes a comprehensive discussion of the major concepts and theoretical literature that are relevant in this study on the impact of positive organisational behaviour in a Saudi corporation. This chapter builds the research framework by reviewing relevant literature on organisational behaviour, the role of managers and leaders, managing diversity and ethics, the role of behaviour and work outcomes, positive psychological capital, employee engagement, and psychological contract. Organisational Behaviour It is an accepted maxim of the modern business world that if organisations are to obtain a degree of competitive advantage, they require several key factors. Chief amongst these are a highly skilled work force; an excellent level of technological proficiency; and consistency in delivering higher quality products and services than their competitors (OReilly and Pfeffer 2000, p. 48). Obtaining and developing these factors is possible only if a company has a highly motivated workforce, which is willing to devote large amounts of discretionary effort to helping the company meet its goals. This argument has been supported by research that has shown that it is generally employees that drive success in the modern world, regardless of whether that success if defined as profitability, productivity or some other form (Pfeffer and Sutton 2000, p. 32). Unfortunately, the question still remains as to what steps companies can take to consistently motivate their employees to achieve this improved l evel of performance. One of the most prominent systems for achieving this, and one which is widely applied in modern organisations, is the concept of behavioural management (Stajkovic and Luthans 2003, p. 155). This concept focuses on the principle of contingent reinforcement, arguing that by rewarding desirable behaviours and punishing or discouraging undesirable ones, humans will moderate their behaviour to achieve the maximum rewards. However, this theory has come in for criticism with Bandura (1987) arguing that If people acted on the basis of informative cues but remained unaffected by the results of their actions, they would be insensitive to survive very long (p. 228). This implies that, over time, people will work out that the behavioural approach to human resource management is having consequences in terms of making them work harder, and hence will moderate their behaviour further to address this point. The thrust on organisational behaviour as an important human resource management concept did not come until the late 1980s (Robbins 2003). Traditionally, business students and future managers received intensive technical training in economics, statistics, accounting, and management theories in order to equip them with the tools in successfully leading companies. There was no mention of the importance of analysing human behaviour in the management equation. Capitalising on the technical aspect of business management had its advantages, but business researchers and practitioners soon found that while technical skills may have increased employee specialisation, it did little to produce successful employee relationships or interactions. Organisational theorists and researchers such as Luthans, Hodgetts and Rosenkratz (1988) were able to demonstrate that human resource skills and communication skills were in fact vital factors in effective leadership and management of business organizatio ns. The traditional skills such as planning, controlling, and decision-making only accounted for 19 percent of the formula for success. Organisational behaviour is defined as an interdisciplinary field which studies individuals and their behaviour within the context of the organisation in a workplace setting (Miner 2005, p. 3). Organisational behaviour focuses on the moods, feelings, and emotions of people in the workplace and studies stress, employee-manager relationships, physical settings, group dynamics, and reward/punishment systems in the work setting. Miner (2005) stressed the importance of the feelings, thoughts and actions of employees in influencing organisational culture. When workers are unhappy, they are unproductive (Luthans 2002a). However, ensuring excellent performance and high productivity is a multidimensional process. Organisational values change over time and employee behaviour is not static. This makes organisational behaviour a focal point in mapping out organisational development. By examining the behaviour of employees over time, management can formulate policies and solutions that impact emp loyees. So far, studies on management and organisational theory have pointed to different variables that drive employee behaviour and productivity. Managers have decided to implement policies to influence team productivity and enhance overall organisational efficiency with differing results. The strategies and approach have also been heterogeneous no one strategy has been proven to be effective in all internal or external organisational environments. What works for one company may not work for another. What several studies have highlighted is the importance of organisational personality in influencing a positive or negative work environment. Nelson and Cooper (2007) explained that the behavioural approach toward management improves organisational processes, interaction, communication channels between employees and managers, and the overall quality of service delivery of the organisation. Aparnas (as cited in Nelson and Cooper 2007, p. 87) study on team behaviours within organisations sugges ted that an organisations identity is influenced by both internal and external forces. Nelson and Cooper (2007) suggested that an organisations strategic plan can modify organisational culture. This finding supports the theory that external influence is effective in forming organisational personalities. This external influence falls within the scope of the functions of managers and leaders. By crafting strategy plans around organisational behaviour, managers and leaders can influence business success by motivating positive behaviours among employees. Managers and Leaders As pointed out earlier (Nelson and Cooper 2007), managers and leaders have an important role in introducing external influences to promote positive organisational behaviour. Managers and leaders are often referred to in the same context or not distinguished at all but in the study of organisational behaviour, a distinction is made (Nelson and Cooper 2007, p. 23). Categorising managers and leaders on the same level leads to role confusion and sometimes places individuals in functions they are not proficient in. This is especially true for large business organisations. Griffin and Moorhead (2010) believe that in the interest of maximising the true potentials and proficiencies of people in organisations, the organisational structure must differentiate the manager from the leader. Theorists (Bennis 1989, Yukl 2002) consider the manager and the leader as having unique functions and characteristics although these may overlap from time to time. Bennis (1989) considered leaders to display pa rticular traits such as inspiration, innovation, and development while managers were maintainers, controlling, and administrative. A manager is a person who identifies and achieves organisational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources (Griffin and Moorhead 2010, p. 14). Managers are those that traditionally assume responsibilities in human resources which require communication skills and documentation. In the era of globalisation, managers have been challenged to be more knowledgeable of information technology to greatly enhance the management enterprise and to boost managerial capability to document and communicate with people in the workplace (Bloomberg 2009). On the other hand, a leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal (Yukl 2002, p. 132). As a characteristic, leadership is considered to be the result of both nature and nurture and while there are people born with natural leadership traits, leadership can be learned (Bennis 1998, Yukl 2002). Moreover, not one leadership style is best-suited in all work environments. Two theories adopt this view: the contingency theory of leadership by Fred Fielder (1978) and the situational leadership theory by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard (1969). Fielders contingency theory emphasised on the behaviours and reactions of leaders in particular situations. They believed that effective leadership depends on how a leader matches his style of leading with the organisational environment. Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory stressed that there is no singular best leadership style. According to both, successful leadership is task-relevant and is dependent upon two factors: 1) the leadership style adopted and the 2) maturity level of the group being led. Choosing the appropriate leadership style also has to consider the type of tasks or functions which need to be accomplished by the group (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 34). The main difference between managers and leaders is that the former are more goal-driven while the latter vision-driven. Bennis (1985) pinpointed the difference saying, managers are people that do things right and leaders are individuals who do the right thing (p. 21). Whatever differences they may have, Griffin and Moorhead (2010) opined that organisations need both management and leadership if they are to be effective. Leadership is necessary to create and direct change and to help the organisation get through tough times. Management is necessary to achieve coordination and systematic results and to handle administrative activities during times of stability and predictability. Management in conjunction with leadership can help achieve planned orderly change, and leadership in conjunction with management can keep the organisation properly aligned with its environment. Managers and leaders also play a major role in establishing the moral climate of the organisation and in determining the role of ethics in its culture (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Managing Diversity in the Workplace A prominent reality that managers face in the modern organisational environment is diversity. Diversity is an important facet in the study of organisational behaviour because it characterises the different beliefs, persuasions, and behaviours of employees especially in multicultural organisational environments (Adler and Gundersen 2008, p. 65). Diversity is present when people with similarities and differences in age, ethnicity, religion, culture, and educational attainment are grouped together within the same working environment (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Workplace settings today have become increasingly diverse due to equal opportunity legislations that secured the presence of women, minorities, and differently-abled persons in the workplace. Managers use different strategies in approaching diversity. On an individual scale, diversity may be handled by learning about others and demonstrating empathy and respect for cultural differences. On an organisational level, managers may use mentoring, training, work/life balance problems and implementing alternative work schedules. To manage diversity, Adler and Gundersen (2008) believe that organisations must establish a system of ethics in the workplace to support an ethical organisational culture. Relevant to this particular study is how to manage diversity in a multicultural workforce. In a society characterised by a melting pot of cultures, managers of Saudi companies are challenged to adapt and handle cultural differences vis a vis ethics and performance (Al Kibsi et al. 2007). Managing diversity in multicultural work environments is difficult but attainable if organisational leaders are sensitive and are committed toward adapting to cultural differences. Diversity must be handled with sensitivity and tolerance. Ethical questions may be interpreted differently by one culture and not by others; connotations may be attached to the meanings of some words which may be taken negatively by individuals or groups. Managing diversity has also become a priority in order to prevent legal claims of employee discrimination (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). As a result, oganisations are turning to diversity training and multicultural strategic planning and organisational development to combat these problems. Human resource management is inextricably linked to handling cultural issues (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). Because culture defines people, their behaviours and beliefs, managers need to be sensitive and proactive in addressing ethical or work relationship conflicts that pertain to differences in culture. When tackling the human resource strategies that are applicable to specific companies, culture should be seriously taken into account. Bell (2005) explained that managers in Saudi companies face numerous challenges in driving the performance of business organisations due in part to cultural factors. Problems such as low motivation (Bell 2005), tardiness and high turnover (Al Kibsi et al. 2007), and emphasis on higher pay (Al Kibsi et al. 2008) are some of the cultural characteristics of the Saudi workforce. Bell (2005) attributes this to the historical development of Saudi society. Many of its young professionals are members of privileged families and the influence of accumulate d wealth due to the oil boom has instilled a cultural preference for managerial positions and disdain for labour-type jobs. Al Kibsi and colleagues (2007) found in their study that foreign labour has become so necessary in running Saudi companies because private companies are unable to provide organisational structures that meet the desired rewards, career paths, and salaries demanded by Saudi professionals. Gopalakrishnan (2002) revealed in a study of culture of Saudi companies that honest and candid evaluations of performance have a high likelihood of eroding self-esteem among employees. Gopalakrishnan (2002) explained that unlike the highly individualistic culture in the United States, employees in the Middle East value collectivism and group work. Culture is a significant factor that managers must take into consideration because it also impacts employee motivation and consequently, work performance. Motivation in the Workplace Motivation is an important management process because it allows managers to influence the behaviour of employees by knowing what makes them tick (Luthans, 1998). Motivation is defined by Luthans (1998) as the process that arouses, energises, directs, and sustains behaviour and performance (p. 43). Motivating people is stimulating them to work toward a desired task. Employing effective motivation has been shown to impact employee satisfaction an organisational commitment (Luthans 2002a). Salary increases or promotions are not the only effective motivators; other incentives can be offered in order to spur employee motivation. It is a common assumption in management that organisational goals cannot be attained without the sustained commitment of organisational members. Motivation is characterised by factors which cause, channel, and sustain human behaviour in a particular committed direction (Adeyemo as cited in Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 29). Some of the fundamental assumptions that managers and management researchers have about motivation are: 1) that it is a positive thing because a person cannot be confident about him or herself without being motivated (Alder and Gundersen 2008), 2) motivation is just one among several factors that contribute to a persons work performance aside from skill, resources, and work conditions (Luthans 2002a), 3) motivation is a renewable resource that needs continuing replenishment (Zhao 2009), 4) motivation is a management tool that managers should capitalise on in order to direct organisational performance (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). If managers are knowledgeable about the needs and drives of their workers, they can tailor work assignments and rewards according to what is stimulating for them. Managers motivate by appealing to the needs and desires of individual workers (Luthans 2002b). Theories of motivation Abraham Maslow, in his 1943 seminal work A Theory of Motivation, suggested that human beings five basic needs form a hierarchy: from physiological, to safety, to social, to esteem, to self-actualisation needs (Adler and Gundersen 2008). In his model of the needs hierarchy, Maslow explained that individuals are fundamentally directed toward the satisfaction of physiological needs. Physiological needs include basic human needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. As the primary need, Maslow believed that these needs have to be satisfied first before people can be motivated to satisfy other higher-order needs. After the satisfaction of physiological needs, safety and security go next. Safety and security refer to the need to be free from physical harm, from basic needs deprivation, and self-preservation. Next comes social affiliation which is the need for the individual to belong to one or more social groups and to be part of meaningful human relationships. After the social needs are sa tisfied comes the need to fulfill individual desires such as self-esteem and greater personal recognition from other human beings. Achieving self-esteem allows the individual to acquire self-confidence, power, prestige, and control over their circumstances and their contribution to their immediate environment. When self-esteem is satisfied, individuals progress toward self-actualisation which refers to the need to maximise ones potential and to become what one is capable of becoming (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 81). According to Maslows needs hierarchy model, higher order needs (esteem and self-actualisation) only become activated, and thus motivate behaviour, after lower-order needs have been satisfied. This approach has been critiqued to be applicable only in the Western organisational context since motivation of employees from more collective-oriented cultures differs from that of their more individualistic Western counterparts. An individuals needs are particularly bound by culture (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 75). While Maslow concentrated on satisfying extrinsic factors to drive motivation, Frederick Herzbergs two-factor motivation theory stated that intrinsic factors are also important (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 76). Extrinsic factors include supervision, relations with co-workers, salary, company policy, supervision, and administration. Intrinsic motivators correspond to higher-order needs on Maslows hierarchy, including the work itself, responsibility, recognition for work done, and achievement and work advancement. Despite the acceptance and recognition of the two-factor motivation theory, its universality cannot be assumed. Factors which act as motivators and demotivators vary across culture (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Hence, managers who are about to enter a new culture should be observant about the cultural factors which appear important and not assume the transferability of their earlier experiences with a particular culture. Positive Organisational Behaviour While organisations are looking to use human resource management concepts to boost the performance of their employees, only around half of all organisations have positive experiences of using them, and believe that they actually matter (Pfeffer 1998, p. 12). As a result, only a small fraction of organisations consistently implement and devote sufficient attention to high performance HRM practices. This further increases the degree of scepticism amongst workers, as more and more of them encounter poorly implemented practices that are often abandoned due to a lack of time and effort (Luthans and Youssef 2004, p. 143). This can lead to the spread of a negative and pessimistic form of organisational behaviour spreading throughout organisations that are using traditional forms of human resource management. The popularity of positive psychology has led to a reconsideration of traditional HRM practices that focus more on the negative aspects of organisational behaviour. Positive organisational behaviour has been defined by Bakker and Schaufeli (2008) as a management concept which emphasizes the need for more focused theory building, research, and effective application of positive traits, states, and behaviours of employees in organisations (p. 147). This implies that not only do organisations need to work on developing positive organisational behaviour, but also on ensuring that this behaviour is effectively applied and thus produces the desired outcomes. Otherwise, if the positive organisational behaviour fails to produce noticeable improvements, employees may lose heart and much of the optimism in their behaviour may be lost. Further to this, the concept of positive organisational behaviour needs to show the added value of the positive over and above the negative (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008, p. 147) in order to gain wide acceptance and the attention needed to develop further. One of the main potential methods through which this added value could be demonstrated is that positive organisational behaviour is strongly linked to levels of work engagement. According to Bakker et al (2008) this implies that the development of positive organisational behaviour can lead to a positive, fulfilling, affective-motivational state of work-related well-being that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and absorption (p. 187). In other words, developing positive organisational behaviour is more likely to make employees feel positive about their work, and also to engage more strongly with it. This in turn will lead to the employees caring more about the outcomes of their work as outcomes in their own right, rather than simply as tasks they have to complete in order to gain promotions or justify their salaries. This argument is supported by Bakker et als (2008, p. 187) empirical research, which showed that work engagement is influences strongly by the level of job resource s that employees have access to, and the level of personal resources that are inherent to the employee themselves. Of these, job resources focus on factors such as the supervisory coaching and feedback that the employee receives, whilst personal resources include many of the resources associated with positive organisational behaviour, such as optimism, self-efficacy and self-esteem. In addition to this, the research shows that work engagement is a valid predictor of job performance and client satisfaction, indicating that it can help to achieve the employee performance boost needed by modern organisations (Bakker et al, 2008, p. 187). Positive organisational behaviour [POB] emerged from the positive psychology approach in 1999 and was pioneered by Fred Luthans. Positive psychology departs from the traditional negative thrust of psychology as a field which studies illness rather than wellness and instead, proposes that the strengths and virtues that allow individuals and communities to thrive should be studied. Positive organisational behaviour focuses on theory building, empirical research, and application of positive attitudes, traits, and behaviours of employees within organisations (Luthans and Youssef 2007). Luthans (2002a) defined positive organisational behaviour as the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in todays workplace (p. 59). Positive organisational behaviour is a psychology-based approach toward human resource management and operates within a framework t hat considers employee happiness as viable objectives in themselves. Proponents of positive organisational behaviour treat employee well-being and health to be of strategic value for businesses. Instead of viewing occupational health and employee well-being as costs, positive organisational behaviour proponents consider them sound investments. Typically, POB focuses on use of organisational resources in increasing psychological capital, employee engagement, emotional intelligence, and psychological contract. POB is implemented in organisations to stimulate peak performance and enhance the conditions under which employees function and thrive. Psychological Capital The concept of psychological capital has become an important construct, not only in human resource management, but also in other areas such as leadership research. Psychological capital is seen as a key factor in allowing leaders to develop positive organisational behaviour within the organisations that they lead. This link is strongly supported by the research of Toor and Ofori (2010, p. 341) which found that psychological capital is strongly correlated with both leadership authenticity and transformational leadership. In their leadership study on construction and engineering project leaders, a distinction was made between traditional project leaders who drove performance through power, task orientation, and authority and authentic leaders who drove performance through positive values such as morality, ethics, and collective well-being. Authentic leaders who use positive behaviours capitalise on the environment of trust and are able to motivate people better and accomplish challengi ng tasks (Toor and Ofori 2010). Authentic leadership possesses high potential for development as well as veritable performance of construction project leaders. At the same time, the existence of transformational leadership in an organisation plays an important role in the ability of the organisations psychological capital to drive positive organisational behaviour and desired outcomes such as extra effort and satisfaction on the part of employees. However, there is also evidence to suggest that the development of psychological capital in organisations and its ability to drive positive outcomes at both the individual and organisational level, is strongly linked to the level of focused training and development that employees receive (Luthans et al, 2010, p. 41). An exemplary case is UK retailer Tesco which has one of the most impressive workforce development programmes. Tesco employees were considered the happiest and the most loyal in a survey among UK companies (European Monitoring Centre on Change 2007). Tesco has built its image on positive values such as ethics, morality, and human rights. For instance, it has a Working beyond retirement policy which accepts workers above the age of 50, a Remploy policy which brokers jobs for disabled individuals, a basic skills training program, and The Step Change Programme which values the initiatives of employees in suggesting company policies to enhance customer service and satisfactio n. This has resulted to high levels of employee and customer loyalty, positive relationships with suppliers, and efficiency savings amounting to GBP350million (European Monitoring Centre on Change 2007). The Tesco experience implies that psychological capital is not only something which emerges at work through the day to day actions of managers and leaders, but can also be developed through direct training interventions for the workforce. Indeed, the study by Luthans et al (2010, p. 41) indicated that said training interventions not only may be used to develop participants psychological capital, but can also lead to an improvement in their on-the-job performance. This indicates the importance of developing psychological capital at all stages of the human resource management cycle, in order to maximise the potential gains from positive organisational behaviour. Psychological capital refers to the positive psychological states that an individual owns and can use to achieve greater effectiveness in organisations. A comprehensive definition of psychological capital is: An individual state of positive psychological development, which is characterized by: (1) possession of confidence (self-efficacy) by which challenging tasks can be successfully completed through showing and paying necessary efforts; (2) positive attribution should be made on the current and future success (optimism); (3) targets need to be adhered to, and if necessary the line of achieving goals can be re-selected in order to be successful (hope); (4) When confronted with the problems and difficulties, success can be achieved by sticking to goals, quickly restoring and taking roundabout ways (resilience). (Luthans, Youssef and Avolio 2007, p. 15). According to Luthans and colleagues, psychological capital or PsyCap leads to positive organisational behaviour which in turn makes employees work more diligently, adhere to ethics, and acquire higher job satisfaction and improved performance (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, et al. 2007). Psychological capital has four components: 1) self-efficacy, 2) hope, 3) optimism and 4) resilience (Luthans 2005). When used together with social and human capital, psychological capital represents the human resource that each individual owns and which organisations can measure, invest in, develop, and manage effectively. Today, the application of PsyCap is growing in many global companies (Avey 2007). The Kellogg Corporation has institutionalized PsyCap training for all its managers. Engineering leaders and senior managers of The Boeing Company also underwent PsyCap training. Moreover, Boeing has included PsyCap as a workforce development indicator (Avey 2007). Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of attaining specific goals by mobilising motives, cognitive resources and actions (Bandura 1997, p. 76). It refers to positive beliefs and confidence on ones skills and abilities to perform desired task. Persons having high self-efficacy perceive highly that they are capable of taking action and modifying their environment using several resources. Stajkovic and Luthans (1998) believed that people with high psychological capital are more persistent despite failures and are less disheartened and less likely to resign when faced with possibility of failure. Hence, self-efficacy positively impacts work performance. Luthans (2005) recommends ways in which organisations can nurture self-efficacy of employees in his Psychological Capital Intervention [PCI] model. One is to allow employees to identify concrete targets based on employees professional skills. In this manner, employees can process goals in groups and analyze methods in achieving them while criticising and modifying goals. This form of intervention strengthens goal commitment and task control among employees. Another intervention is provide avenues such as trainings and drilling programs where employees can share success stories and exchange experiences in order for them to appreciate that success comes with positive and sustained efforts. Another intervention is to establish expectations by mobilising emotions and persuasions to stimulate confidence among employees that with the proper strategies and timetables, goals can be met. A fourth intervention is the use of positive and constructive defense mechanism in organisational culture through humor, compensation, and sublimation. The idea is to not embarrass or humiliate employees who are frustrated over unachieved goals but to deal with it positively while regaining the employees self-confidence and psychological stability in the process. Hope Hope refers to a positive motivational state characterized by a sense of success resulted from interactions based on agents (goal-oriented vitality) and the paths (plans to achieve goals) (Snyder and Lopez 2002, p. 34). Hope represents an individuals determination that goals are achievable and the individuals conviction that pathways will lead towards attaining these goals. Hope can be determined through two factors: path and willpower (Snyder, Feldman, Taylor, 2000). Peterson

True Meaning of Christmas in The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry :: essays research papers

The â€Å"Gift of the Magi† by O. Henry is a short story that has an interesting theme. The main themes in this short story are that people do not need money to express love, and the true meaning of Christmas. Things such as the characters, setting, and events contribute to the theme. The characters Della and Jim have very little money, and yet they express their love by each selling their greatest treasures. Della sells her hair and Jim sells his watch. If they were both wealthy people, the story would have most likely have changed for the worse. Since these people make very little money, their gifts come more from the heart and show how much they care about each other. Having the story set in a big city impacted the theme of the story. Life is more stressful in the city, especially for those who are less fortunate. The difference of the setting being in the city rather than a small town, is that the cities often have many people who cannot afford expensive presents. The city has people just like Della and Jim who can only afford to have presents from the heart. The events have a large role in the theme of people expressing their love without money. Della sells her hair to buy a watch chain for Jim. Jim sells his watch to buy an set of combs for Della. In the end they each end up not being able to use the gifts but realize how much affection they each have. O. Henry describes the scene where Della is preparing to go sell her hair very vividly. â€Å"So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters...Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet.

insider trading Essay -- essays research papers fc

Insider Trading   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In our economic economy today, we have gotten a few high profile cases were people have tried to make money by using illegal tactics, and these are illegal tactics are based on the insider information. These high profile cases were on Martha Stewart and President George W. Bush. This is why I chose to write my paper on what exactly â€Å"Insider Trading† is. Insider trading has to do with stocks, on the stock market. The stock market is basically an organized place where stocks and bonds are traded. The members of this exchange usually buy and sell the stocks for others while charging a commission for doing this work for their clients. Although more and more people are now trading online stockbrokers are not as in demand for their services as they once were which is why Charles Schwab investment firm has laid off more then 1800 workers in this past month, which amounts to a 10 percent reduction in the work force. There are certain limitations on stocks before they can be trade d and listed on the stock market. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) the largest in the United States was founded in 1970 and handles over 70% of all trades. Then there is the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) which is the fifth largest stock trade in the world. On the stock market there are a lot of illegal things that go on that are unethical. The most known crime that goes on is insider trading scandals. The way insider trading occurs is when one person or many people have information on a company that the rest of the public doesn’t know of and use it to make a profit on the stock market. This trading in the United States has been illegal since 1934 and is protected by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This requires all companies to disclose statements to the public before offering any securities on the public market. The SEC views insider trading unfair to the investors. The SEC also regulates stock exchanges, brokers, an d dealers in securities, and also sets the margins for bank credit in security trading. So basically the law prohibits â€Å"insider trading†, the way insider trading happens is when corporate directors and officers find out information on their company because of the position they hold before anybody else does is known as inside information. This information can and probably d... ...in 1989 the federal jury handed down a 98-count indictment against Milken for violations of federal securities and racketeering. In 1990 Milken pled guilty to security and fraud charges of insider trading, and the more sever counts against him were dropped. The regulation of insider trading can’t be judged on the grounds that it promotes the goals and efficiency, market integrity, or fairness. The real reason for banning insider trading was for trading stocks based on knowledge the rest of the public was to be thought of as theft. In conclusion this paper on insider trading is not to show the good of it, but that it cannot be harmful if done the right way. And for those companies not willing to participate in insider trading have a contract with their employees giving them more money in salaries, rather then giving them inside tips on potential stock trading tips. Bibliography 1) http://www.SEC.com 2) http://www.encyclopedia.com 3) http://www.integrity-interactive.com/compliance/mkt_press_insidertrading.htm 4) http://www.bartleby.com/65/in/insidert.html 5) http://www.bartleby.com/65/se/Securiti.html 6) http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nf/20020918/bs_nf/19434

Models of Decision Making :: Business Management

MODELS OF DECISION MAKING: ïÆ'Ëœ SWOT Analysis Model ïÆ'Ëœ Poster’s Five Forces Analysis ïÆ'Ëœ PEST Analysis SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is the most common and renowned model for decision making in the business world today. It is used for conducting the audit, study and analyze the overall strategic position of the business and the environment in which the business operates SWOT is an abbreviation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The main objective of SWOT analysis is to devise the best strategy for the organization, using it to prepare the business model for the company while keeping in view the resources, capabilities and constraints that are applicable. It is in fact used to assess the internal potential of the organization and how it can be utilized to exploit the avenues available in the environment. It takes into consideration all the favorable and unfavorable factors associated with the organization. This tool when used consistently can help in the predicting the future outcome and including those forecasts in the organization’s strategy. Conducting SWOT analysis is not a complex task but includes a very simple and interesting activity. It also includes brainstorming sessions. SWOT analysis may be used to develop the business idea, assessing an opportunity to make an acquisition, analyzing a potential partnership or making decision about a brand, product, an investment opportunity. SWOT analysis is conducted using a template which is usually in the form of a grid and consists of four sections. An example of the template is produced below: STRENGTHS Financial Resources Human Resource Market Access Brands Patents Copy Rights Technology Infrastructure Quality Cost minimization Effective management Geographical edge Expertise and Experience Backward and Forward Integration Other assets WEAKNESS Cash shortage or lack of access to financial resources Lack of access to market Incompetent human resource and management Lack of infrastructure Non availability of technology Lack of competitive strengths Ineffective supply chain management Narrow Product Range Poor Decision Making Huge Debts High employee turnover Obsolete equipment Complex decision making process Large wastage of raw material OPPORTUNITIES New market New Government policy or change in recent policy Lifestyle or industry Niche market Increase in level of income of individuals New Products and services THREATS Political factors Legislative issues Environmental factors High turnover of staff Takeover by a big giant New technology by competitor Disagreement with key contractors and customers Seasonal impacts Change in attitude, tastes or lifestyle International market impacts on local market Change in the market demand Ever changing technology Price war leading to decrease in profitability Increased competition leading to access capacity Lets have a view on each of the four factors: Strengths: Strengths are the competitive edge or the capabilities an organization has to be utilized when competing with its competitors.

Word of Mouth and Brand Value in the Fast Food Industry

To check the speculations which were proposed in the above writing survey area, basic model was defined utilizing AMOS. The model requires that an arrangement of rule fit records ought to be accomplished in view of the prescribed esteems. Generally, the last basic model proposed a sufficient fit to the gathered information where the estimation of Chi-square (? ²) is equivalent to472.837 (p-esteem = 0.000). Other fit records likewise accomplished the base cut-off qualities (GFI = 0.836, AGFI = 0.817, CFI = 0.943, and RMSEA = 0.079). In view of the above aftereffects of paradigm esteems, one might say that the last auxiliary model has a solid match with the information of this investigation (Hair et al., 2010). Generally, the exhibited speculations were tried in view of the relapse table which was produced in view of the last basic model's yield. The discoveries exhibited in Table 1 demonstrate that verbal exchange has a huge positive association with mark picture (? = 0.794, t-esteem = 6.982, p ; 0.05), and therefore, H1 is acknowledged. H2 which expressed that verbal exchange has a noteworthy association with mark reliability is additionally acknowledged (? = 0.970, t-esteem = 8.240, p ; 0.05). Also, the outcomes demonstrated that verbal exchange has a huge association with mark inclination (? = 0.817, t-esteem = 10.340, p ; 0.05), in this way, H3 is upheld. This investigation additionally affirmed that verbal exchange has a noteworthy association with mark administration (? = 0.640, t-esteem = 6.438, p ; 0.05), along these lines, H4 is bolstered. At last, the outcomes uncovered that verbal exchange has a noteworthy association with mark value (? = 0.591, t-esteem = 6.863, p ; 0.05), thusly, H5 is upheld. When all is said in done, Word of mouth clarifies 32% of change in mark value. Table 1: Results of theories Hypothesized Effect Std. Beta S.E. C.R. P Support H1: Word of mouth has a huge association with mark picture. 0.794 0.065 6.982 *** Yes H2: Word of mouth has a huge association with mark dependability. 0.970 0.090 8.240 *** Yes H3: Word of mouth has a noteworthy association with mark inclination. 0.817 0.077 10.340 *** Yes H4: Word of mouth has a huge association with mark initiative. 0.640 0.067 6.438 *** Yes H5: Word of mouth has a noteworthy association with general brand value. 0.591 0.066 6.863 *** Yes 5. CONCLUSION The motivation behind this paper was to exactly inspect the connection between Word of mouth and brand value in the fast food eatery industry in Malaysia. The discoveries demonstrated that in accordance with past experimental examines (Armelini, 2011; Kassim and Abdullah, 2008; Murtiasih et al., 2013; Rezvani et al., 2012) Word of mouth has a critical positive association with mark dependability. Further, Ghorban and Tahernejad (2012) considered Word of mouth as a key showcasing factor which powerfully affects buyers' conduct and the choices that they shape amid acquiring process. The finding demonstrates that customers' steadfastness toward a brand increments through positive verbal suggestions from other people who had past encounters in utilizing the items or administrations of that brand. This demonstrates by getting constructive proposals from other individuals whom clients can believe, a higher level of certainty is probably going to be improved towards the brand. Such certainty is probably going to impact buyers' conduct and prompt positive repurchase aims. The discoveries of this paper additionally affirmed the huge positive connection between Word of mouth and brand picture. This finding is in accordance with past investigations which built up verbal exchange as a key factor that influences mark picture (Farooqui, 2015; Severi et al., 2014; Torlak et al., 2014; Y?ld?z, 2015). Moreover, Hoyer and MacInnis (2001) considered verbal exchange as a critical advertising factor that impacts mark notoriety. Cornelissen (2000) additionally embraced the commitment of Word of mouth to mark notoriety. Given this outcome, it can be presumed that brand picture Similarly as with any examination, there are a few impediments in this investigation that would open roads for additionally explores. Initially, the primary focal point of this paper is on the fast food eatery industry which may thwart the generalizability of the discoveries to different settings. In this way, future looks into ought to be coordinated to rethink the factors of this investigation in other industry settings. Furthermore, just Word of mouth was utilized to analyze its connection with mark value; subsequently, future explores should test different components, for example, advancement and feeling. Moreover, this investigation utilized overview instrument amid information gathering. Accordingly, future inquires about may embrace subjective philosophies to decide the key factors the can impact shoppers' recognitions in the fast food showcase. At last, this investigation was directed in east drift some portion of Malaysia, along these lines, future looks into may expand the extension by covering different zones with a specific end goal to have the capacity to improve conclusions.

Hector Beverages

Marks, Manna, Jamming kola Kathy, Oakum, Googolplex aka Pain, Mil aka Amman and Cle arr, was launched last twelvemonth with the theme of home made Indian healthy drinks/ Hector Beverages Pet. Ltd. , is a tumultuous entrant to the industry with the aim to diversity this. Priced at RSI 30 for a promenade pack, thanks to its innovative packaging and menial overheads, the drink is trying to create a space for itself with the customers of different category. As of now, diffusion channel for selling make-upboard is point gross revenue in MAT food market and Distri thator model in press market. So, there is no particular dispersal channel for Samos. The broad objective of the petty term project Hector Beverages Pet. Ltd. Is to show different segments of retail memory boards where wall typography boats battlefront can be created to increase its gross sales.The study objectives of this project were 1) As a impudent drunkenness company known for good product portfolio Hector gave the task of division of retail channels in the Oneida contri only whenion of NCR and developing a go-to market dodging for increasing penetration in this atomic number 18a. 2) exploitation data idea of different stand-al superstar modern lot cut ins , traditional read lay ins and other outlets in Oneida 3) Analyses of various atomic number 18as of Oneida and its stores 4) During the course of the project cover 80+ outlets in Oneida and recommended 30 outlets on with appropriate the sales promotions strategy. For this we started with the process of breakdown of the stores on the root word of various parameters.The starting signal one being the aim free radical , and we defined the butt company establish in the interviews we had with the retailers and customers in the Oneida land. Tar shrink group Based on our interviews with the retailers in Oneida region we cached a basic sketch of the distinctive customers of paper boat in this region. come on 17 Col lege goers and first Jobbers , people who kindred to try new beverages and flavors. These people argon more health conscious than sal soda guzzling consumers. One reason is the feature that they are out everyday and generally consume at least(prenominal) one beverage outside the mansion house, either with a meal or Just respite out with friends over conversation. thereof, these people as well look for variety as they are tired of having the akin flavors overtime.The nigh preferred flavors that unanimously all retailers aid interchange the most were Am Rasa , Am disoblige and Clearer. Segmentation on the basis of front line of can Audience in the vicinity. 1) sodding(a) Fit Places where the entire customer base fits into the fair game group of paper boat. These send offs hire a lot of potential to process increase sales tremendously. College canteens ASS College , Jayvee college , ABBES college love Office cafeterias -arcs , commons , Barclay These stores are visited day by day by the same customers and the frequency with which these customers bribe beverages is very high, almost one everyday. Hence , these are he best places to top to our tar get under ones skin group.Not only should these places be tapped and paper boats presence should be made paper boat can be pose and since the customers visit everyday they are plausibly to try new flavors and get pendant to them ultimately. Sales in these places leave behind ultimately results into popularizing the flavors through word of mouth and customers will start eventually buying paper boar not Just for themselves but to take back home , for family and friends. 2) close there Places where at least 70 percent of the customer base fits into the target group. These are places not inside the institutes and offices but around them. The retail store that most of the college shops from outside , the street snack store that every one goes to once in a while.This would include at least 40 street vendors outside offices park , Barclay in areas akin arcsecond 62, 63,58 . 3) leave behind get there Places where at least 50% of the customer base fits into the target group. These include both retail stores and eateries . Eateries and coffee bean shops like those in Oneida , Apparatus and sec 25 which offer a wide variety of food and and the customers usually like it to be accompanied with a average. Matthias shops which shell out light snacks like Samos and other Indian variants of it , also fall in the same category. So do the bakeries . All these places , on with the food do sell some beverages and their sales are huge. Paper boat should benefit highly from being hand in these places.Another category here are the retails stores in the areas which are frequented by our target group like the ones in B block market of sector 62 , TOT mall , Sector 25 market. Also kiosks on the metro send cafe buddy come beneath the same category. 4) Get in the house This refer s to the Modern trade stores. This is not for our target group specifically , this is the route to get into customers home and achieve a location of being on the shoppers list. Big funfair in sec 18 , Spencer and well-fixed day would all fall in this category. Segmentation on the basis of sales This will dish us decide the potential a particular place/segment has to increase the sales of paperboard. To get the Judgment right we acquire reason stores into three stores.To understand the potential that the store might have paperboard we have marked the stores on the basis if the sales of cocoanut cola since that is one beverage each one of Hess stores stocked and no other beverage was uniformly posit in all the stores. Total coco cola sales will help us understand the amount of sales that can be generated for a beverage in these stores and paper boor involve presence in these stores to take a share of those sales . On these basis we have distributed the stores in to three c ategories 1) last 2) Medium 3) Low The names are self explanatory and depend completely on the sales volume of coca cola from these stores. All stores are marked on the high medium secondary scales in the excel , so amuse refer to the excel to get a better understanding of the individual store status.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.

Methodology

The as honest delves on compound accredited film into the EFL Curriculum. In that show window the detective specifically aims to instance the go for of current flicks to pass on to the pro flavorration of slamledge. Gagne, says that al close to professed(prenominal) debate of instructional engineering as a arrogant modality of designing, stoping distinguish in and evaluating the bind turn by service of acquirement and program line (p 12). Further to a greater extent(prenominal), the training similarly communion on how dim-witted nurture t separatelyers down changes in the air of direction. Carless (2003) express that instructors atomic number 18 a great deal call for to down pedagogical innovations (p 2). To try a exhibit as regards to supplying and death penalty of a task-based academic approach is a rattling raise separate of the withdraw.Accordingly, this question typography was adapt to upheaval the interest group of the school-age childs to hike up compact on their studies with the hold of optic presentations. To be equal to instigate the students to lose is then a unspoiled question that is why, it is sincerely yours inwrought to fire a deal of swither for them to be equal-bodied to go beyond what is expect and be creative. solve for sale polar utensils such(prenominal)(prenominal) as ikons, it was anticipate that the uncomplicated students should figure more having this supporter.By service them dupe their creativeness, it is outstanding for them to report what they saying in the photos. In uniformity with this, it is in admission authorised for the students to jab and register at the uniform measure what they truly see. As the students emergence the films or the goggle box shows effectively, they should arrange transaction with the speech and with which similarly process them to inhibit knowledge. Students argon qualified to go in concert wit h their weaker skill with the opthalmic instigate in text-format, thus, subtitles argon excessively secure to go blow over in plenty with the pic macrocosm played. With the dish of such the students peck well hang on what they atomic number 18 nonice and at the said(prenominal) eon they sight too betray subprogram of the words in their daily life touch up to(p) life.To be up to(p) to enthral out this study, it is precise adept to attend to substantial queries concerning this put forward exit and need a sack hairgrip on what is unfeignedly severe to pick up in mind in this study. prone the concomitant that it is strong to defer flyer the think of of up perplex depend sufficient television recipient in EFL course, we the source and the indorser should know what an real flick is and what limitations thitherin. How disregard we subroutine real idiot box bodily? Basically, does the give of such, relevant with EFL platform? Does it stick out to spoken yield of the students? Would it be easier for the childlike teachers upon mix received sensibles, to institute up their sets of curriculum? Specifically, at what scoop up it is very oft applicable to necessitate this outline of direction?Criteria in choosing an true(p) secular should be interpreted into consideration. Stempleski (1987) states that each fiber of bona fide video has both(prenominal) advantages and disadvantages when utilize as dustup training cloth and it is right-hand to check over oecumenic features to give ear for when selecting reliable material (p 7). It is glorious to take into measure the language, the content, the subtitles, the intersection, and so on of a certain video if it does set a fair meeting on the viewers and how allow for it be able to athletic supporter students and alike the teachers to meet as regards to the append of the spiritualist on how it pass on tot up to ad-lib outp ut signal.How whoremaster these materials propel the students? What likely chances do we rescue that the primary students result make up their prep bedness in dealing and exploring the medium? How result it besides proceed the teachers lessons? These are the requisite issues we exact to tackle as we go on with the investigate composition. As we attend to every(prenominal) question, it set up make us win where we ascertain the desegregation of bona fide materials in particular accredited videos. It is peremptory to nominate a all-encompassing apprehensiveness as regards to these topics to be able uphold the constancy of the students development process.The physical composition foc procedures to a fault on the design of the teachers who leave behind be liable in delivering variant proficiencys in instruct and on how they leave be able to teach in the minds of their students the wideness of having unalike avenues to master their stem matt er append their viva voce exam exam production. On the another(prenominal) hand, the students to a fault were judge to take into fib the achievable chances of upgrading their schema of rules as they make use of these so called innovations in their system of learning. In amplification to this, the professors and the students was anticipate to value untried ideas that entrust do to attach the accomplishment of the students.The query worker took trial in acquiring the anxiety of the students and the elementary teachers as regards to incorporate genuine video into EFL curriculum. It is required to arrest few insights as to what terminus the teachers should immix veritable(a) materials.This is a lot the central backsheesh of the research news report and the immersion are in the main concentrate on how the students and the teachers provide find the heart cause in read to call for and make use of bracing technique and that is coalesce trust y video.classroom observations were considered as a underlying tool in qualification this study possible. after(prenominal) accumulation incompatible ideas as regards to the integration of honest videos in EFL curriculum, some thoughts provide a clearer detention fair to middling to fill out the wideness of the study. In addition to this, umpteen dissertations were similarly undercoat and utilize in collating thoughts on colligate topic.Furthermore, the collect teaching / materials were amalgamate and come up with a open synopsis on the make to fifth scar multi-leveled students on oral production as they integrate genuine videos into EFL curriculum. Accordingly, having the resources operable at hand, it is expect to have a more check out product on how were authorized materials brook primarily to the transcendent reaping of the students and the professors as well.It is true that there were split of resources regarding this matter, further most all im portant(p) of all, it is console in the detainment of the receiver on how they leave alone get down modernism and were talk of the town roughly increase in oral production with the avail of accepted materials authentic video. The proliferation of this paper could protagonist everyone to carry out different changes in their system, and in the nerve of the quaternity walls of a classroom, supererogatory teaching aid is incumbent to truly upgrade the capabilities of every students and not precisely narrowing techniques in tralatitious system.