Luxury Consumption Essay -- Business, Online Private Shopping Clubs

This is a literature review of online private shopping clubs a subcategory of luxury consumption. In this review, I will provide a brief orientation of luxury consumption and give further information about the in vogue(p) consumer trend online private shopping clubs. The trend will be set forth in great detail and analysed. The term luxury is routinely used in our everyday life to refer to products, services or a certain lifestyle, often without a clear understanding of the luxury concept as it takes on many forms for different people and is dependent on the experience and mood of the consumer (Wiedmann et al, 2009). However, according to Danziger (2005), luxury may be defined as something inessential, but contributing(prenominal) to pleasure and comfort. It is derived from the Latin word luxuria, meaning excess or the extras of life (Danziger 2005). With this view in mind, luxury consumption could thus be described as the consumption of any good(s) for which the simple use or dis play of a particular branded product brings esteem for its owner (Wiedmann et al 2009). jibe to Echikson (1994), people want quality and value, but if prices were lowered, they assume that you ar lowering the value and the quality. It could therefore be said that the higher the price of a good, the more(prenominal) it is assumed the good is of a high value.Online private shopping club is the latest innovation in the age of e-commerce and is particularly widespread in several(prenominal) countries like USA, Germany, Spain, UK, Turkey and France. It is simply the sale of luxury designer goods online at discount prices. Constantinides et al. (2010) cite Internet World Statistics which assert that there are more than 1.5 billion internet users and this has affected globalization, trad... ...instead it might gain momentum because many consumers seek luxurious quality products at discount prices and there is a motive for consumers to be associated with luxury brands and value. In ad dition, it is a convenient method of shopping that saves time.The recession left a lasting impact on consumers choices and demeanor towards consumption. As a result, consumers are willing to go through any means to acquire luxury goods at discount prices even though in some cases, they dont need the goods, but the mere fact its inexpensive is an incentive for them to purchase the products and this has promoted the trend. Venture capitalists and online retailers like Amazon are acquiring online private shopping club to avoid missing out on this trend (Palmer, 2010). This shows that the consumer trend online private shopping club will fix and expand further for some time.

Alfred Sasoons Poetry :: essays research papers

Sassoons bitterness against the state of war is made clear through and through his poetry, which is filled with his resent ment against war, the futility of it and the high price that had to be paid.In the numbers A working party Sassoons feelings towards the futility of war and the waste of life that war brings about is made clear through his use of his language and the way he makes the reader feel as if they enjoy the man in the poem. In this and many other poems, Sassoon uses irony and heavy sarcasm to make his true feelings known. In The Kiss, the entire poem has a actually sarcastic tone, and the poem could actually be read as a pro-war poem, but it actually shows Sassoons hatred for the war and how bitter he was about it. He calls his bullets and bayonet "brother lead and sister steel, saying in these I trust. This is a perfect example of how Sassoon used sarcasm, because at face value, the poem seems psychopathic, as if it was write by a man that actually enjoyed kil ling and the harsh conditions of the war, when in actual fact it is a poem that is against the war.In A working Party, Sassoon specifically starts the poem absent slowly, describing the men slowly making their way down the trenches, slipping into the mud and squeezing past other soldiers returning from the front line. Then, he ironically rushes the principal(prenominal) characters death in the last two lines, after the man is thinking how slow time passes. The mans sudden death shocks the reader and shows how suddenly life eject be taken away. It in like manner makes the death of the character seem insignificant and unimportant, and Sassoon probably did this because he felt that not enough attention was paid to the men that lost their lives fighting for their country, like his brother.In The General Sassoon uses a more direct way to show how he feels about the Generals who gave the orders, from well behind the front-line. I think that Sassoon was also bitter about the officers w ho gave orders although they knew nothing about what it was like in the trenches, and I think that Sassoon probably blamed them for much of the pointless deaths that occurred. Sassoons resentment of the General comes through two lines of the poem. "And were cursing his staff for incompetent swine" which is the fourth line, but does not hold any real impact until you read the last line of the poem - "But he did for them both by his plan of attack".

Iranian Education Essay -- Iran Middle East

Iranian Education From Modernization to TraditionalismAn education system, because of its purpose as the shaper of the future, is a goodindicator of what is going on inside a estate politically and culturally. The historyof the Iranian education system showed change as the ideological values of thecountry shifted with each new authorities change in the mid twentieth century. Iran, asa country, went from a country focused on modernization and secularization underthe Reza Shah, to a country focused on traditional Islamic values under the newgovernment established after the Islamic Revolution of 1977-791. These changesshifted the very purpose of education, its dissemble on women (in arguably negative orpositive ways), and its literature. The shift in political focus from modernism toreligious traditionalism can also be seen in how religion is taught in Iran, especiallycompared with different countries around the world.The history of the Iranian education system from 1907-1977 is one that is filledwith problems. In 1907, Iran established a Ministry of Science and Art to controlall areas of education, even religious education. In 1910, this ministry wasreorganized and renamed the Ministry of Education, and given more power to setlaws and guidelines for education, religious and secular. This body was nonnecessarily effective in setting new guidelines for Iranian schools. The mainproblem was overcoming was the lack of qualified, quality teachers (Szyliowicz 176-7).After 1925, the Shah2 built many new schools and move to revitalize theeducational system. This effort was hampered again, by lack of qualified teachers(Szyliowicz 231), a lack of coherent ideology (Szyliowicz 232), and a program ofedu... ...ern Iran. Ithaca and London CornellUniversity Press, 1992.Rivard, Jean-Franois and Massimo Amadio. Teaching sequence Allocated to ReligiousEducation in Official Timetables. Prospects 33 (2003) 211-217.Shavarini, Mitra K. Misconceptions about Islam and Womens Educa tion Lessonslearned from the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). International Education.33.1 (Fall 2003) 40(11). Gender Watch. Proquest. Univ Mass Amherst. 10Feb 2006. .Szyliowicz, Joseph S. Education and Modernization in the Middle East. Ithaca andLondon Cornell University Press, 1973.UNESCO. Integration of Technology and Vocational Education into Special NeedsEducation. Austria, Colombia, Iran, Tunisia. Geneva Imprimeries Popularies,1977.Zia, Rukhsana. Religion Education in Pakistan An Overview. Prospects. 22 (2003)165-178.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay -- Post-traumatic stress

Post-traumatic stress disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder) is a relatively new diagnosis that was associated with survivors of war when it was first introduced. Its diagnosis was met largely with skepticism and dismissal by the public of the validity of the illness. posttraumatic stress disorder was only widely accepted when it was included as a diagnosis in 1980 in the third edition of the symptomatic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) of the Ameri empennage Psychiatric Association. posttraumatic stress disorder is a complex mental disorder that develops in response to exposure to a unrelenting traumatic event that stems a cluster of symptoms. Being afflicted with the disorder is debilitating, disrupting an individuals ability to function and perform the most basic tasks.Who gets PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder can develop at any age, from childhood years to adulthood with any cultural, social, and economic background. Any individual that go es through a particular traumatic event can experience great stress and anxiety that can then develop into a post-traumatic stress disorder. Protective process men and women, victims of rape, abuse, and torture, as well as victims of natural disasters, accidents are examples of a mass variety of individuals that are touched by the post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD can be caused by witnessing or by being part of a traumatic event such as combat, torture, abuse, natural disaster, motor-vehicle accident and even a sudden loss of a loved one. Many factors play an important role to determining whether an individual is pre-disposed to PTSD. Risk factors are those that contribute to a mortal to have a higher prevalence of developing PTSD, while resilience factors help the individual to overcome trauma.Risk Factors Sin... ...of the individual to develop the disorder. Identification of individuals with PTSD is a complex decision to make, as there are many contributing factors for different people. However, treatments, prevention, and assessments of the disorder will be improved and enhanced in the near future.Works CitedFoa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Effective treatments for PTSD practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (Second Edition ed.). New York Guilford Press. Reyes, G., Elhai, J. D., & Ford, J. D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. Hoboken John Wiley & Sons. Violanti, J. M., & Paton, D. (2006). Who gets PTSD?. Springfield, Illinois Charles C Thomas. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., & Lindy, J. D. (2001). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. New York Guilford Press.

Analysis of the Movie, Disclosure Essay -- Disclosure Movies Sex Films

Disclosure is a drama/thriller. The genre for this movie states, Sex is Power. gobbler is a happily married man, a successful computer expert, and works for a major computer company Digicom, which is about to merge. He believes he is firing to receive a promotion because of all his devotion and work for the company. Instead the job goes to Meredith, who is from another plant and with whom he was romantically involved in his live days. She is now his new boss, who is very aggressive, sexy and dedicated to destroy him after he refuses to declare an affair with her. She files sexual harassment under false pretenses, he charges her on the same charges however he is telling the truth. Once this is over with, gobbler needs to solve a major production problem position up by Meredith. He gathers evidence against her not only proving she was the one that sexually harassed him but also she was the cause of the conspiracy in Digicom. Meredith is pink-slipped and Tom continues his work fo r the company. Meredith and Tom have entered a race to be in control at the firm. In general both of them have to have similar personality traits in order to have reached as high as they have in the company. There have been various events that are the decision making factors of who will make or break it their specific personality characteristics will be the deciding point as to who will come out on top. Both Meredith and Tom show internal venue of control. Internal locus of control is believing that their own behavior and actions are the leading reasons for your lifes outcome (pg. 45). They believe in working hard to move up and if they cannot accomplish something it is because they are not trying hard enough. Tom starts to waver in the midst of internal and external locus of control through out the movie. When he was on the fairy to work he met a man that had been laid forward and gave him a card and told him to call about job possibilities. On his way home he saw the man that had been looking for a job and Tom did not talk to him, it seemed that since he was passed up for a promotion and was not guaranteed his current position he felt he would be looking for a new job too. He did not feel he was in control of things since he worked so hard and was passed up. Another turn in his locus of control was in the sexual harassment case. As things get harder with the sexual harassment case and his files are taken... ...it has higher level of authority and the reaction it had on the whole entire structure of the organization. Management styles and specific personality traits can also play a role in leading to rise or fall of someones career. In the end good virtuous tactics paid off and the organization was placed in the hands of moral management. Works CitedHellriegel Don, Slocum John W., & Woodman Richard W. Organizational Behavior. Ohio South Western College P, 2001Internet Movie Database Ltd. Disclosure. IMD 2000-2001http//us.imdb.com/Title?0109635 Disclosure. Dir Berry Levinson. Baltimore Pictures. Videocassette. Warner Bros. 1994CASTMichael Douglas Tom Sanders Demi Moore Meredith Johnson Donald Sutherland Bob Garvin Carolean Goodall Susan Hendler Roma Maffia Catherine Alvarez Dylan Baker Philip Blackburn Rosemary Forsyth Stephanie Kaplan Dennis Miller (I) Mark Lewyn Suzie Plakson Mary Anne Hunter Nicholas Sadler Don Cherry Jacqueline Kim Cindy Chang Joe Urla John Conley Jr Michael Chieffo Stephen Chase Joseph Attanasio Furillo Faryn Einhorn Eliza Sanders

Analysis of the Movie, Disclosure Essay -- Disclosure Movies Sex Films

Disclosure is a drama/thriller. The genre for this movie states, Sex is Power. Tom is a happily married man, a successful computer expert, and works for a major computer company Digicom, which is near to merge. He believes he is going to receive a promotion because of every last(predicate) his devotion and work for the company. Instead the job goes to Meredith, who is from another plant and with whom he was romantically involved in his bachelor days. She is now his new boss, who is very aggressive, juicy and dedicated to destroy him after he refuses to stomach an affair with her. She files sexual molestation under false pretenses, he charges her on the same charges however he is telling the truth. Once this is over with, Tom needs to solve a major production problem set up by Meredith. He gathers recount against her not only proving she was the one that sexually harassed him but also she was the cause of the conspiracy in Digicom. Meredith is fired and Tom continues his work fo r the company. Meredith and Tom have entered a race to be in lead at the firm. In general both of them have to have similar personality traits in effectuate to have reached as high as they have in the company. There have been various events that are the deciding factors of who will make or assault it their specific personality characteristics will be the deciding point as to who will come out on top. Both Meredith and Tom show knowledgeable locus of control. Internal locus of control is believing that their own behavior and actions are the leading reasons for your lifes outcome (pg. 45). They believe in on the job(p) hard to move up and if they cannot accomplish something it is because they are not trying hard enough. Tom starts to waver between internal and external locus of control through out the movie. When he was on the fairy to work he met a man that had been laid off and gave him a card and told him to call about job possibilities. On his way home he saw the man tha t had been looking for a job and Tom did not talk to him, it seemed that since he was passed up for a promotion and was not guaranteed his current position he felt he would be looking for a new job too. He did not feel he was in control of things since he worked so hard and was passed up. Another turn in his locus of control was in the sexual harassment case. As things get harder with the sexual harassment case and his files are taken... ...it has higher level of authority and the reaction it had on the whole entire structure of the organization. worry styles and specific personality traits can also play a role in leading to rise or fall of someones career. In the end good moral tactics paid off and the organization was placed in the hands of moral management. Works CitedHellriegel Don, Slocum John W., & Woodman Richard W. organizational Behavior. Ohio South Western College P, 2001Internet Movie Database Ltd. Disclosure. IMD 2000-2001http//us.imdb.com/Title?0109635Disclosure . Dir Berry Levinson. Baltimore Pictures. Videocassette. Warner Bros. 1994CASTMichael Douglas Tom Sanders Demi Moore Meredith Johnson Donald Sutherland Bob Garvin Caroline Goodall Susan Hendler Roma Maffia Catherine Alvarez Dylan Baker Philip Blackburn rosemary Forsyth Stephanie Kaplan Dennis Miller (I) Mark Lewyn Suzie Plakson Mary Anne Hunter Nicholas Sadler Don Cherry Jacqueline Kim Cindy Chang Joe Urla John Conley Jr Michael Chieffo Stephen Chase Joseph Attanasio Furillo Faryn Einhorn Eliza Sanders

The Benefits and Drawbacks of a Binary Tree Versus a Bushier Tree

Homework 3 4. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of a binary tree versus a bushier tree. The structure of binary is open than a bushier tree. Each parent pommel only has two baby bird. It save the storage space. Besides, binary tree may deeper than bushier tree. The result record of binary may not very refine. 5. build a classification and regression tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as some(prenominal) as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Data NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ply gross sales Management trade Service sex womanly male Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male season 45 25 33 25 35 26 45 40 30 50 25 Salary $48,000 $25,000 $35,000 $45,000 $65,000 $45,000 $70,000 $50,000 $40,000 $40,000 $25,000 aim Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 chance Splits for t= cool it lymph gland prognosis Split 1 2 3 Left squirt Node, tL dividing line = Service patronage = Manageme nt Occupation = Sales Right pip-squeak Node, tR Occupation = Management, Sales, faculty Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff Occupation = Service, Management, Staff 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Occupation = Staff sexual practice = Female grow 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(st) for separately outlook split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1tL) P(L=2tL) P(L=3tL) P(L=4tL) P(L=1tR) P(L=2tR) P(L=3tR) P(L=4tR) 2PLPR ? (st) Root Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0. 27 0. 73 0. 33 0. 33 0. 33 0. 00 0. 13 0. 25 0. 38 0. 29 0. 25 0. 40 0. 23 0. 36 0. 64 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 00 0. 18 0. 82 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 00 0. 27 0. 73 0. 67 0. 36 0. 64 0. 50 0. 45 0. 55 0. 40 0. 55 0. 45 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 29 0. 25 0. 20 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 0 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 29 0. 38 0. 40 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 14 0. 13 0. 20 0. 29 0. 22 0. 11 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 43 0. 22 0. 22 0. 33 0. 38 0. 43 0. 33 0. 20 0. 2 5 0. 33 1. 00 0. 00 0. 22 0. 22 0. 00 0. 25 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 25 0. 33 0. 00 0. 46 0. 30 0. 30 0. 50 0. 40 0. 46 0. 93 0. 50 0. 46 0. 40 1. 60 0. 66 0. 26 0. 40 0. 46 0. 53 0. 66 0. 46 0. 46 0. 30 0. 23 0. 26 0. 33 0. 44 0. 33 0. 38 0. 29 0. 33 0. 40 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 10 0. 64 0. 36 0. 29 11 0. 73 0. 27 0. 25 12 0. 91 0. 09 0. 20 Optimality cadence maximized to 0. 6, when occupation=Management(Left Branch), occupation=Service or Sales or Staff(Right Branch) After the first split, left tiddler has records 4,5,6,7, proper child has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11. Now we split the left child which has records 4,5,6,7. Candidate Split 5 6 7 10 Left Child Node, tL Gender = Male Age 35 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(st) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1tL) P(L=2tL) P(L=3tL) P(L=4tL) P(L=1tR) P(L=2tR) P(L=3tR) P(L=4tR) 2PLPR ? (st) each candidate split, for decision node A 5 6 7 0. 50 0. 50 0. 25 0. 75 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 1. 00 1. 00 0. 38 0. 50 0. 38 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 10 0. 75 0. 25 Optimality measure maximized to 1. 00, when Gender=Male(Left Branch), Gender=Female(Right Branch) After this split, both left branch and right branch terminate to pure finger node. The left child has records 4. 6 which value=Level 3 and the right child has record 5,7 which value=Level 4. Now we split the right child of germ node which has records 1,2,3,8,9,10,11.Candidate Split 1 3 Left Child Node, tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Right Child Node, tR Occupation = Sales, Staff Occupation = Service, Staff 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(st) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1tL) P(L=2tL) P(L=3tL) P(L=4tL) P(L=1tR) P(L=2tR) P(L=3tR) P(L=4tR) 2PLPR ? (st) each candida te split, for decision node B 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 29 0. 71 0. 43 0. 57 0. 57 0. 43 0. 33 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 1. 0 0. 67 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 25 0. 40 0. 50 0. 25 0. 00 0. 49 0. 16 0. 40 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 20 0. 40 0. 00 0. 40 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 41 0. 41 0. 49 0. 41 0. 49 0. 49 0. 41 0. 24 0. 33 0. 33 0. 65 0. 82 0. 65 0. 65 0. 33 0. 33 0. 50 0. 33 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 40 0. 33 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 71 0. 29 12 0. 86 0. 14 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 2, when Age25(Right Branch) After this split, the left branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 2,11 and value=Level 1. The right branch has records 1,3,8,9,10. Now we split the right child which has records 1,3,8,9,10. Candidate Split Left Child Node, tL Right Child Node, tR 1 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Gender = Female Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(st) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1tL) P(L=2tL) P(L=3tL) P(L=4tL) P(L=1tR) P(L=2tR) P(L=3tR) P(L=4tR) 2PLPR ? (st) ach candidate split, for decision node C 1 3 4 5 8 9 0. 40 0. 60 0. 40 0. 60 0. 20 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 80 0. 40 0. 60 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 67 0. 67 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 33 0. 50 1. 00 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 32 0. 48 0. 48 0. 32 0. 16 0. 16 0. 32 0. 64 0. 32 0. 64 0. 16 0. 32 0. 33 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 33 1. 00 1. 00 0. 67 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 11 0. 60 0. 40 12 0. 0 0. 20 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 64, when Gender =Female(Left Branch), Gender=Male(Right Branch) After this split, the right branch terminates to pure leaf node which has records 3,9 and the value=Level 2. The left branch has records 1,8,9. Now we split the left child which has records 1,8,10. Candidate Split 1 3 4 11 12 Left Child Node,s tL Occupation = Service Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff Age 45 Values of the Components of the Optimality Measure =(st) for each candidate split, for the Split PL PR P(L=1tL) P(L=2tL) P(L=3tL) P(L=4tL) P(L=1tR) P(L=2tR) P(L=3tR) P(L=4tR) 2PLPR ? st) each candidate split, for decision node D 1 3 4 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 50 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 44 0. 89 0. 44 0. 89 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 11 0. 33 0. 67 0. 00 12 0. 67 0. 33 0. 00 Optimality measure maximized to 0. 89, when Occupation=Staff(Left Branch), Occupation=Service or Sales(Right Branch) After this split, both the left and right branch terminate to pure leaf node.The left branch has record 10 which value=Level 2 and the right branch has records 1 and 8 which value=Level 3. In summary, we construct the get behind tree below, Root Node (All Records) Occupation management vs. not management Occupation=man agement Occupationmanag ement Decision Node A (Records 4,5,6,7 ) Gender=Female Gender=Male Age25 Level 3 (Records 4,6) Level 4 (Records 5,7) Decision Node C (Records 1,3,8,9,10) Gender=Female Decision Node D (Records 1,8,10) Gender=Male Level 2 (Records 3,9) Occupation=Staff Level 3 Occupation=Service or Sales Level 2 (Record 10) Records 1. 8) 6. Construct a C4. 5 decision tree to classify salary based on the other variables. Do as much as you can by hand, before turning to the software. Below is all candidate split and information gain for root node Candidate Split 1 Child Nodes Occupa tion = Service Occupation = Management Occupation = Sales Occupation = Staff 2 Gender = Female Gender = Male Age 25 Age 26 Age 30 Age 33 7 Age 35 8 Age 40 9 Age 45 0. 19 0. 12 0. 15 0. 38 Information Gain 0. 78 3 0. 55 4 0. 58 5 0. 38 6 0. 38 Candidate split 1 has highest Information Gain=0. 8 bits and chosen for initial split. And the initial split produces four second level decision node, decision node A,B,C and D. Then do the same process again until all leaf nodes ask same target class values. The C4. 5 decision tree is below. Root Node(All Records) Occupation=Service, Management, Sales or Staff Occupation=Staff Occupation=Service Occupation= Management Decision Node A (Records 1,2,3) Decision Node B (Records 4,5,6,7) Occupation= Sales Decision Node C (Records 8,9) Decision Node D (Records 10,11) Gender=Female Level 4 (Records 5,7)Gender=Male Level 3 (Records 4,6) Gender=Male Gender=Female Gender=Male Level 2 Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 8) Level 2 (Record 9) (Record 10) Level 1 (Record 11) Gender=Female Level 3 (Record 1) Gender=Male Decision Node E (Records 2,3) Age25 Level 1 (Record 2) Level 2 (Record 3) 7. Compare the two decision trees and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. In this case, CART tree is deeper than C4. 5 tree. CART algorithm says each node(except left node) can only flip two child. But C4. 5 algorithm dont have this restriction. Besides, most of leaf nodes of C4. tree have only one record, it may cause overfitting. 8. Generate the skilful set of decision rules for the CART decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff and Age 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales and Age 25 and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service, Sales, Staff and Age 25 and Gender = Male effect because Level 3 then Level 4 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 3 then Level 2 Support 2 2 2 1 2 2 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1 . 0 1. 0 9.Generate the full set of decision rules for the C4. 5 decision tree. Antecedent if Occupation = Service and Gender = Female if Occupation = Service and Gender = Male and Age 25 if Occupation = Management and Gender = Female if Occupation = Management and Gender = Male if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Female if Occupation = Sales and Gender = Male if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Female if Occupation = Staff and Gender = Male Consequent then Level 3 then Level 1 then Level 2 then Level 4 then Level 3 then Level 3 then Level 2 then Level 2 then Level 1 Support 1/11 1/11 1/11 2/11 2/11 /11 1/11 1/11 1/11 Confidence 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 10. Compare the two sets of decision rules and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. CART only has two branches, support is more than C4. 5, that is to say the result is not very refine. It is deeper than other trees most of the time. But it is easy to interpret. C4. 5 can have several branches. Support of C4. 5 is less than CART. The result is more accurate.

Philosiohy Comparison Essay

Continental philosophy, Pragmatic philosophy, and Analytic philosophy are all three forms of philosophies that are in response to Hegel. The differences began at bottom English speaking countries and European speaking countries, which off-set into two separate traditions. Continental philosophy is the most different in its response to Hegelian idealism in Europe in the 19th and 20th century. The main schools of philosophical thought are existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory, being that existentialism and phenomenology are the two prominent schools. both(prenominal) of the themes of existentialism include doctrine must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world, and Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence, tolerant birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair, (Moore, B. N., & Bruder, K. , 2011, p. 154).Continental philosophers do not agree that scie nce is the best way to describe the ways of life and emphasize on metaphilosophy. To me, Continental Philosophy is difficult to describe because it seems critical instead of expressive. Next, Pragmatic philosophy is the main tradition of philosophy in the United States. Overall, Pragmatic philosophy speaks of the lack of an secure truth. The truth can change accordingly to any situation depending on the time and place. The three best known pragmatists are C.S Peirce, William James, and John Davey. Instrumentalism, which is Deweys crossroad of pragmatism, says that human activity and human thoughts are instruments used by humans to solve practical problems. They believed that truth varied from person to person depending on where he/she wanted to progress in life.Lastly, Analytic philosophy is the main tradition of philosophy in England and later in the United States. Of course the main single-valued function of Analytic philosophy is analysis, which expresses complex concepts into more simple concepts. A philosopher, Bertrand Russell whose emphasis was mainly in mathematics, related to logicism. Logicism says that mathematical truths can be proved from principles of logic. Russell on with G.E Moore and Gottlob Frege disagreed with Absolute Idealism, yet also traditional philosophy all together. Continental philosophy, Pragmatic philosophy, and Analytic philosophy all have quite different concepts but have been conceptualized around the same roots.ReferencesMoore, B. N., & Bruder, K. (2011) Philosophy The Power Of Ideas. (8th ed.). New York, NYMcGraw Hill.

Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Transcranial Doppler s bottomning ( TCD ) is a critical technique which can move kids with reaping hook cubicle disease at mel low gear hap for accident ( Deane et al. , 2007 ) .This non-invasive imagination technique uses an ultrasound investigation, that produces high frequence sound waves to mensurate intellectual caudex flow. In this survey, cubic decimeter give be looking at the undermentioned everyday hematologic and biochemical research research lab trials, haemoglobin, reticulocytes, white count, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in 250 reaping hook kiosk disease ( atomic number 110 ) affected kids with in the age group of 3-16years who attend the Brent Sickle and Thalassaemia Clinic at Central Middlesex Hospital in may 2010 to May 2011. My purpose is to utilize the above listed research lab trials to place all in all kids who atomic number 18 at happening of enduring from the complications of SCD like vaso-occlusive bother crisi s, acute chest syndrome, infections, cam stroke to multi organ failure. TCD is performed one time a twelvemonth at one-year reappraisal assignments on all kids with reaping hook cell disease to find if they atomic number 18 at venture of developing any SCD complications. During this survey any kid identified to hold unnatural hematologic and biochemical research lab trials listed supra will hold a TCD regardless of whenever it was done. If the TCD identifies that any kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities is at a high hazard of developing complications of SCD particularly stroke, so the current case Health Service ( NHS ) intervention program for kids with SCD moldiness be changed to supply an even more robust intervention plan.The significance of this survey hence is to better hereafter pattern and attention for kids with SCD. This will fix that any SCD affected kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities will be referred for TCD regardless of whether they have had their annual scan in a pursuit to better their wellness and wellness attention direction. Prevention is better than remedy.2. IntroductionHemoglobinopathies argon a broad group of diseases impacting the production and or the maps of hemoglobin. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . They be one of the most common familial upsets worldwide and can be really terrible, if non fatal. They are classed into two groupsHaemoglobin discrepancies which arise from an change in the globin concatenation, for illustration, Sickle hemoglobin ( Hb S )Thalassaemias which arise from reduced production of the normal hematohiston concatenation. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 )SCD is one of the most common familial upsets impacting the hemoglobin molecule of ruddy blood cells ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . SCD is an autosomal recessionary disease, intending a one-on-one needs two faulty cistrons to hold the disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . There are several reaping hooks cell dis eases homozygous reaping hook cell anemia or disease ( HbSS ) and heterozygote conditions including Hb SC and Hb S? thalassemia ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . HbSS is creditworthy for the most terrible complications seen in reaping hook cell disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) .The prevalence of SCD is highest among people of African, Afro-Caribbean, Arab and Mediterranean lineage ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 )It is widespread in the United States, impacting all over 70,000 Afro- Americans and impacting about 12,500 people in the UK ( Howard et Al Kirkham et al. , 2007 ) . Sickle cell is progressively going common in the UK as a effect of migration ( Howard et al.,2007 ) . The life foretaste in SCD is between 42 and 53 old ages for work forces and 48 and 58 old ages for adult females. This low life anticipation is believably to increase as the wellness service have put in topographic point national showing programmes, instruction for parents and wellness professionals and better directions attention. ComplicationsSCD is a multi-organ upset with a assortment of complications. The most commoncomplications include, vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, elasticity, priapism, leg ulcers, cholecystitis, acute splenic or hepatic segregation to multi organ failure. ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Vaso-occlusine hurting crises is due to sickle cells blockading vass in the microcirculation victorious to ischemic wound in the castanetss, the lung, the kidneys and in the tegument ( leg ulcers ) , ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) .Stroke is an of spell complication as it is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in SCD kids. ( NHS example and Guidance, March 2009 ) . It has been reported as a taking cause of decease in both kids and grownups. Infarctive gun is seen chiefly in kids whereas hemorrhagic hired gun is normally seen in the 20-29 age groups, ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . The grounds for this age percentage are non good understood. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) .By the age of 10, about 6 % of SCD kids are affected by ischemic shot ( .Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . It is caused by the progressive constrictive of the center, distal and anterior carotid arterias providing blood to the encephalon consequences in shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . However, grounds for this progressive narrowing are yet to be established ( Deane et al, 2007 ) , exclusively recent surveies suggest an association between high degrees of plasma free hemoglobin ( PTH ) from haematolysis, quickly devouring azotic oxide ( NO ) , which may ensue in events suppressing blood flow. ( Nelson et al, 2006 ) . Even though it is a really serious complication in SCD kids, it can be preventable. ( Quinn et al 2004 ) , if these kids are identified.Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) has been shown to place patients at high hazard of shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . TCD is an ultrasound that measures blood flow speed in the intracerebral vass. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . It is non invasive, reasonably expensive and a painless influence that is good tolerated in kids. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) .This high hazard of shot brought approximately by The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anaemia ( city block ) survey. This survey was perfomed by a group of scientist in 1996. It showed that high blood speeds as measured by TCD in the in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , the distal internal arteria ( dICA ) and the bifurcation were associated with an increased hazard of shot. . ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . These kids with high blood flow speeds were so on a regular basis transfused to cut downhearted the hazard of shot new ref Adams RJ. , 1998 . The STOP survey has has proven present momentant consequences on TCD as an valuable wellness technique in forestalling shot hazard in kids. ( Adams RJ. , 1998 ) given Furthermore, an experimental survey by Fullerton et Al, 2004 on SCD kids in California showed that thither was a diminution in shot after the debut of TCD with contraceptive t ransfusion preventative steps were taken. . ( Rees et al, 2008 ) .Many surveies have shown the benefits of mensurating high blood speeds on TCD and subsequent transfusion to cut down hemoglobin S can cut down the hazard of shot. ( ) . Based on these surveies, National counsel from the NHS Sickle and Thalassaemia testing programmes recommended the usage of TCD scans all over the state. The guidelines proposed that by 2010, 99 % of reaping hook cell Centres in England should offer one-year TCD scans to kids with SCD from age 2 to 16 old ages. The scan consequences are classed into classs depending on the clip averaged maximum average speed ( TAMMV ) of the in-between intellectual arteria or the intracranial internal carotid arterias or the bifurcation of the two arterias, ( precedent and Guidance, March 2008 ) . TAMMV values & A lt 170 cm/s are normal, 170-199cm/s are conditional and & A gt 200cm/s are important forecasters of shot. ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) .However, studies in the UK have shown that many kids do non hold entree to TCD scans ( Rees et al 2008 ) . Therefore it is imperative to place kids at high hazard for shot so that effectual preventative steps are taken. In this survey, based on cardinal hematologic and biochemical modus operandi trials we aim to happen research lab parametric quantities which can be used as showing tools for shot and be used in placing those kids most likely to hold an unnatural TCD scan. If these labaoratory paramaters can place SCD kids at increased hazard for shot it may take to recommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scans to be given to these kids.TreatmentIn the UK, the National Health Service ( NHS ) has developed local guidelines for the intervention and direction of SCD, including a combination of antibiotics, hurting slayers, fluids and ruddy cell transfusion when required. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea, an unwritten anticancer dose is in any case used in some SCD patients to forestall painful crises ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea works by increasing fetal hemoglobin F ( Hb F ) degrees which prevents the polymerization of the deoxygenated HbS in ruddy cells, therefore diminishing the frequence of painful crises ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Reports from Howard et al 2007 and Frenate et Al 2007 besides explain that Hydroxyurea improves ruddy cell hydration, diminishing the chemical bond of reaping hook cells to the endothelium and act as a azotic oxide giver, doing this dose rather good to utilize. A multi-centre survey of hydroyurea ( MSH ) in 299 grownups with SCD showed important benefits of utilizing this drug as patients had less one-year painful crises ( Charache et al.,1995 ) . A follow-up survey nine old ages on showed that these patients had a better quality of life ( Steinberg et al. , 2003 ) . in spite of its clinical benefits, many patients are disbelieving about it being a chemotherapeutic drug and are hence disquieted ab out the long end point side effects ( Frennete et al. , 2007 ) .Bone marrow organ transplant can bring around SCD. About 175 HLA matched sibling grafts have been reported with great than 80 % disease free patients holding a quality life ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) , nevertheless, troubles lie in happening a blood-donor lucifer and there is a hazard of decease associated with this procedure due to high doses of chemotherapy and radiation ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) .A possible remedy for SCD is cistron therapy, where infixing a normal cistron will necessitate about production a normal hemoglobin or shift of the faulty cistron. This is presently being investigated in research surveies as there are frights over the safety of genomic interpolation ( Sadelain et al, 2006 ) .Present surveies have shown that prenatal and neonatal showing for hemoglobinopathies in England has led to early sensing of affected kids, therefore, cut bolt down the post-natal and childhood morbidity and mortality ( Old J M 2007 ) .3. HistoryHaemoglobin ( Hb ) is an Fe incorporating protein, which carries O from the lungs to the organic structure s cells and tissues ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . After 3-6months of age Hb A is the dominant hemoglobin, with little measures of hemoglobins F and A2 ( Hofbrand et el, 2001 ) . Normal hemoglobins in grownup human blood are as followsHbA ?2 I?2 ( 96-98 % )HbF ?2?2 ( 0.5-0.8 % )Hb A2 ?2?2 ( 1.5-3.2 % )Sickle cell disease is caused by a permutation at place 6 of a individual amino acid in the DNA sequence of the ? hematohiston concatenation ( fig. 1 ) . The minor alteration of glutamic acid for valine, as illustrated in figure 1, consequences in an altered hemoglobin discrepancy known as the Sickle Hb ( Hb S ) ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) , which reduces the endurance of ruddy cells and causes irreversible sickling of ruddy cells at low O conditions ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Consequently SCD patients endure a assortment of symptoms runing from anemia, terr ible bone hurting ( referred to as sickle crisis ) , stroke, acute thorax hurting, to multi organ combat injury ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) .Amino acidproglugluNormal ?- concatenationBase composingCCTJokeJokeBase composingCCTGTGJokeSickle concatenationprovalgluFig 1. Showing a individual base alteration in thehe DNA sequence, where A ( A ) is replaced by T ( T ) . This permutation consequences in an amino acid alteration from glutamic acid to valine in the 6th place. ( Adapted from Hoffbrand et Al, 2001 ) .Normal ruddy blood cells are flexible and round in form. Their flexibleness and form allows them to go freely through little blood vass, known as capillaries ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . ) . Hb S is indissoluble when exposed to low O environments and may organize polymers which may change the ruddy cell membrane from a biconcave form to a sickle form. In oxygenated environments, sickled molded cells can alter back to the biconcave form nevertheless frequent form alterations may do la sting harm doing some cells to stay sickled. ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, these sickled cells circulate at a slower rate compared to normal ruddy cells and tend to go stuck, therefore barricading vass in the microcirculation and doing infarcts of assorted potpourri meats ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) .DiscussionSurveies in the last two decennaries were more focused on direction of the return of cerebrovascular diseases ( CVA ) . Recently the focal point is now on forestalling the happening of a first CVA ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) .Hemolytic anemia is associated to many complications of SCD ( Lezcano et al, 2006 ) . Assorted surveies have linked low Hb, and hemolytic markers such(prenominal) as Retics, LDH, AST and creatinine to cerebrovascicar diseases such as shot. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) .Incidence of ischemic shot is higher in SCD kids impacting about 6 % by the age of 10years ( Howard et al, 2007, Deane et Al, 2008 ) . It is associated with an occlusive vasculopathy i mpacting the distal, proximal and anterior arterias ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) .The narrowing of these vass may develop over months to old ages before symptoms of a Stroke may happen ( Adams et al. , 1997 Bulas et Al, 2000 ) .Designation of hazard factors for shot is of import because it offers the possibilities of forestalling it. Clinical surveies have identified some research lab trials as hazard factors for shot. ( Kirkham et al, 2007 ) , but none has strong anticipation when compared to TCD ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Surveies by Adams et al 1998 and Lezacano et Al 2006 have shown that the disposal of regular blood transfusion therapy in kids with unnatural TCD measurings reduces both plasma hemoglobin and blood serum LDH degrees. LDH has long been associated as a marker of intravascular hemolysis by Neely et Al, 1969. Surveies by Ballas et Al, 1991 and Kato et Al, 2006 found serum LDH the dominant biomarker in intravascular hemolysis and besides strong correlativities of LDH with hemolytic markers such as hemoglobin, retics and AST in grownups with SCD.A recent survey by Odriscoll and co-workers done at King s College Hospital in London in 2007 reported that high serum LDH in kids with SCD correlatives to abnormal TCD measurings. This determination suggests that LDH can be a important biomarker or a hazard factor for shot in kids with SCD. They besides reported important correlativities between LDH, Hb, Retics and AST.Furthermore, Rees et Al in 2008 found important correlativities between unnatural TCD consequences and Hb, Retics, AST and age. These happening were used to develop an index which can be used to place kids with SCD probably to hold unnatural TCD values.The survey by Odriscoll and co-workers is the first survey which demonstrates that a high serum LDH degree in SCD kids has strong correlativities with unnatural TCD measurings. Therefore in this survey we aim to utilize LDH as one of the research lab parametric quantities and farther pass the survey at Kings in the patient population at CMH.Extra showing factors for shot are hence needed. With this attack in head, Hb F, Hb S and WBC will besides be analysed in this survey. The importance of WBC arise from observations that high leucocytes is associated to terrible complications of SCD and from findings by Platt et al.,1994 that leucocytosis is a hazard factor in clinically open shot and in acute thorax syndrome ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 Mark et al. , 2008 ) .High WBC is reported to jibe significantly with shot ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) , therefore a good parametric quantity to mensurate in this survey. Hb F is said to cut down the hemolysis, thereby cut drink down the hazard of shot in kids ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . The genotypes, HBSS and HBSC kids will be assessed to see which group is more at hazard for shot.The current theories of complications of SCD particularly with respects to cerebrovascular disease are largely focussed on hemolysis and the bioavailability of NO. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Chronic hemolysis leads to the release of plasma Hb which sucks up NO. NO is a vasodilative, hence less NO in the microcirculation upsets the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which consequence in endothelial disfunction ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . More surveies in understanding hemolysis and the function played by NO will assist in understanding SCD complications and cut down its badness in the hereafter. ( Kato et al. , 2007 ) .Several surveies has suggested that, there is a nexus between shot and hemolysis and that shot is associated with low hemoglobin and compensatory reticulocytes. ( Kato et al.,2007 ) . With that attack, we aim to mensurate the undermentioned research lab parametric quantities Hb, Retic, AST, Creatinine and LDH and correlate them to abnormal TCD measurings.Future PROSPECTSRecommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scan given to kids who have been identified with these research lab parametric quan tities so that primary stroke can be avoided and preventative steps such as, transfusion or exchange transfusion is given. This will so better their attention.

An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes

Dr. Ron Holt is a dignified socio-cultural anthropologist specializing in applied fieldwork and tribal politics. He currently resides in northern doh as a professor (among some other things) at Weber State University where he educates young minds on the world of anthropology. The accrual of information in this text covers every important facial gesture of the look of the American Indian Paiute tribe with a main emphasis on their introduction to the Anglo-Americans.Throughout the text Dr. Holt emphasizes many occurrences regarding the co-existence of American Indians and Anglo Americans and despite a hardly a(prenominal) positive outcomes, nearly every influential aspect of the whites is to be understood as a negative one. Dr. Holt vividly depicts the introduction of the white man and makes a valid point in designating who the instigator of the degradation of the Paiutes was. A main emphasis on his writing of this book is to display the truth behind the Paiute struggles and key what they went through as a people. Before the publishing date of this text in 1992 the life of the Paiutes had been vaguely documented.Through personal field work, material in the LDS archives, the Smithsonian set up and many other sources such as journals and university archives, Dr. Holt was able to obtain a topical and chronological collection of information regarding the entire known existence of the do Paiutes since the year they were first witnessed in 1776. In 1981 while teaching at Southern Utah College (now Southern Utah University) Dr. Holt was asked by a local Paiute tribesman to question a potential reservation plan for the Utah Paiutes, an American Indian band of that area. This being an opportunity for Dr.Holt to produce a dissertation for his schooling he took the offer and ultimately produced a one-of-a- engaging collection of American Indian knowledge. Through extensive field work and research, material was gathered and organized into data pertaining to the live s of the Paiutes. From this collection the text BENEATH THESE RED CLIFFS was produced. The beginning of the first chapter in this text introduces the reader to a specific way of life for a specific kind of people. after(prenominal) obtaining a feeling of understanding and curiosity about the Paiutes, the text throws the reader into an eternal downward spiral of bad news and depression.As documented, within a very short one hundred and fifty year span, the proud native people of southern Utah were greatly reduced in song and transformed from successful hunter-gatherers into beggars and seasonal or part-time workers. The main cause of their depression is seriously attributed to the settlement of the Mormons in the southern Utah area. The Paiutes were a sorry skinned people that had a historical religious meaning to the Mormons known as Lamanites. From this historical belief the Mormons decided the Paiutes needed to be educated and protected from whatever their previous way of life was.Although the church believed they were doing good by taking over control of the Paiutes they conveniently turned a blind oculus to the side effects of assimilation and paternalism which ultimately led to the downfall of the Paiute Nation. They were forced to beg for much of what they lived on because their foraging lands were being dominated by pasture cattle and incoming settlers. To add to their list of troubles in the 1800s the Paiutes had to deal with population declination due to New Mexican and Ute slave trafficking.Targeting mainly egg-producing(prenominal) children and women, the reproduction rate of the Paiutes was severely crippled. With ratios of nearly two-to-one for men to women, the Paiutes had limited means of procreation. Without women to gather food and mate with the tribe was staring death in the face. After the catastrophic introduction to whites and slavery pre 1900s, a surviving life style for the Paiutes started to become a little more manageable. Ironic ally during the Great American first in the 1930s and 1940s the Paiutes struggled a little less because the rest of the American nation had it so hard.Through manual labor for the Mormons and seasonal foraging for yen Nuts and other edibles, the Paiutes survived living one day at a time, but this was to be short lived. In the 1950s the government decided to preempt all American tribes deemed capable of surviving on their own. Termination was a swift process that was intended to initiate capable American Indians to the stature of a Citizen of The United States of America the Paiutes were not prepared for the termination bill, but in 1957 it happened anyway.The bill organized a support system for the new way of life that all terminated American Indians would have to assist them with the transformation. The structure of this ingenious plan consisted of three support organizations The BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) withdrawal office, an educational and vocational train program held by the University of Utah and the BIA relocation program. The Paiutes were now no longer part of a tribe they were instead Citizens of The State, who were subject to democracy laws, federal taxes and state taxes. After termination the Paiutes were desperate for a substantial income.Their bands had inhabited over nearly 30 million acres of land in areas including four states Arizona, California, Utah and Nevada this was without a doubt their most valuable asset. In 1965, after a long demeaning process, the Paiutes agreed to sell 26. 4 million of these acres for 27. 3 cents per acre. With the sale of tribal lands the Paiutes had their substantial influx of money and were able to become a self sustaining people again. The 1970s initiated the restoration process which turned the Paiutes substantiate into a recognized American Indian group, but their struggle to recover from termination continues today.

Explain How to Support Children and Young People According to Their Age, Needs and Abilities to Make Personal Choices and Experiences That Have a Positive Impact on Their Lives

CT232 Understand how to concentrate controlling push throughcomes for children and young state In addition to reading page 184 to 207 of your Heinemann level 3 diploma tex concur please put together some notes which show you brace researched this unit.. Once you have done this please email me your notes so they can be utilize as evidence. Your notes need to cover the following 1. 1 Describe the friendly, economic and cultural factors that will impact on the lives of children and young people They are some issues in our lives that can have an impact on children/young people, this could be Social factors Illness/disability- this can cause a child/children to miss knocked out(p) on a large chuck of the education and splutter to extend to due to them taking public visits to the hospital or that they have to stay at home most of the time. It whitethorn cause them to miss out on activities such as sports, which could leave them feeling isolated and full of resentment and m ay cause them to have behavioural problems.It can in any case cause people to misjudged them as lacking intelligence and therefore given challenge, leading to boredom and perceived disruptive behaviour If the child is the carer of parents with illness/disability this can lead to emotional difficulties, they may compete to understand the role reversal they are experiencing, go steady themselves as being more mature than their peers which can result in them struggling to form friendships and may make resentful at missing out on the childhood and present challenging behaviour.They may suffer anxiety whilst away from home and problem about their parents, resulting failure to engage in their education. * woeful parental supervision/neglect- children need routine, guidance, love, boundaries, positive discipline etc Without these they will be constantly in conflict at school because they do not endure or understand acceptable boundaries. They may be unaware of dangers they can face in carriage. They may have distorted view of their own abilities and may believe they are allowed to do what they want because they were never prevented.They believe they are unloved, unimportant and unvalued and as they grow older this could lead to depression and ego harm. Lack of boundaries could result in them seemly involved in crime and anti-social behaviour. Neglect could lead to health problems through malnutrition. They may struggle to form social relationships because of their lack of face-to-face hygiene. Poor clothing could lead to bulling and teasing, causing them to be withdrawn and become isolated. Offending or anti-social behaviour- children who breaks the law may run the essay of being excluded from school or their family being evicted from their social housing accommodation a child could be taken into care for various reasons such as a parent could be imprison, this could cause a child to be emotional strive. The child may perceive the behaviour as normal or acceptable. It may result in them making some bad person choice and would result in them suffering a disruptive education and struggle to form long term stable friendships * Addictions- the impact on addictions can be varied.They can suffer health problems. If their mother had a drug or alcohol problem during pregnancy. They may suffer from neglect, abuse /violence. If they have younger siblings they may find themselves responsible for their care and therefore may suffer stress and feel isolated. They may feel scared and find it difficult to speak to people for fear of getting in hurt or going into care. They may ultimately find themselves in care if the addiction results in their parents being unable to care for them.They may become involved in crime to support their family. At school they may be disruptive or withdrawn, have mood swings and outbursts of violence * Bereavement and parents separation- this can leave a child feeling very insecure and frightened. They may become quie t and withdrawn. They may become very emotional, clingy and tearful or become violent and abusive. They may feel angry, let down and abandoned. Their work and concentration at school may suffer as a result of any stress and worry they may be feeling.They may suffer poverty as a result of a fall inthe household income and also suffer a melodramatic change in lifestyle that leave them confused. Cultural factors * Religious beliefs and customs- children may have to attend a school associated with their religion, and may therefore receive a less balanced education. They may struggle to understand other peoples religion or lifestyle choices, especially if it goes against what they are taught. They may become confuse or isolated and struggle to interact with the wider community.They may also experience or witness abuse on the grounds of their religious beliefs and customs, divergence them not only confused and isolated but fearful. * Ethnic beliefs and customs- children may have polar form of clothing, customs which could lead to them being teased or bullied. Their culture ma view interaction between men and women, women and women or men and men in a different way and the children will struggle to recognise what is acceptable at school as it differs from home. This could cause them to come into conflict with school rules or to be perceived as a trouble maker.Economical factors * Education- children whose parents have had poor education or lack numeracy and literacy skills can or may struggle at school, their parents may show little or no interest in their education and as a result they themselves may also lose interest and starts miss behaving in class or follow in the wrong crowd of friend which will lead to them failing in their education and struggle to get employment as an great(p) * Poverty- this can result from low income, unemployment, parental separation, illness or disability, addictions, or criminal activities.Children may suffer malnutrition or a poor diet as a result of their parents being unable to afford quality food. This could result in lack of concentration or poor performance at school. They could also suffer other health related issues. They may be the subject of bullying as a result of their clothing or because they do not have the latest must have accessories. They will probably miss out on further education due to the costs involved, or as a result of the need to find employment to help support the family. * Poor housing- One of the side effects of poverty is poor housing.People on low income are often dependent on local authority housing. This may result in overcrowding, for example being housed in a bedsitter or home with insufficient bedrooms. This means the child has no privacy, or personal space. They may struggle with homework and course work because of the lack of a quiet space in which to complete it. The housing provided may be of a poor quality suffering damp or be in disrepair. This could have a detrimenta l effect on the childs health causing asthma or frequent colds and coughs.It will probably be in a less desirable area or could be in an area with social disorder problems. This may result in the children becoming isolated, as their parents may be fearful of letting them out to play or they may themselves become involved in anti-social behaviour and criminal activities. Although dealt with separately, some of these factors are interconnected unemployment or low income can lead to poor housing. Poor housing can lead to health problems, which can lead to frequent school absences.They will not only affect the childs present lifestyle and health, but also their future, right through to adulthood. This pattern could thusly continue into the lives of their children. Without support and intervention, they and their families could find themselves trapped in a cycle of disadvantage 1. 2 formulate the greatness and impact of poverty on outcomes and life chances for children and young peo ple 1. 3 excuse the role of children and young people? s personal choices and experiences on their outcomes and life chances 2. Identify the positive outcomes for children and young people that practitioners should be striving to achieve 2. 2 Explain the importance of designing service around the needs of children and young people 2. 3 Explain the importance of active participation of children and young people in decisions affecting their lives 2. 4 Explain how to support children and young people according to their age, needs and abilities to make personal choices and experiences that have a positive impact on their lives 1. Explain the importance and impact of poverty on outcomes and life chances for children and young people 1. 3 Explain the role of children and young people? s personal choices and experiences on their outcomes and life chances 2. 1 Identify the positive outcomes for children and young people that practitioners should be striving to achieve The EYFS states that e very child matters and that they should all be given opportunity to achieve the every child matter five learn goals outcome and that practitioners should place emphasises so that they may be able to achieve on every level of the five learning goals.This means that as professionals that we help and encourage the children to be healthy, by giving them healthy meals/snacks at appropriate times. We encourage the children to drink water. Help them to cope with everyday life such as personal stress, help to strain their self esteem. Encourage them in the right direction about their physical, mental, emotional, sexual health and to avoid drug taking. The EYFS works within the Every child Matters (childrens Act 2004) and links to the statutory framework 2. Explain the importance of designing services around the needs of children and young people it is crucial to design services around needs because it makes best use of the money we have, it targets the services properly, so doesnt waste t ime or resources. Putting the child at the centre means, kinda than it being about adults and what they want, it is actually about what the child NEEDS. 2. 3 Explain the importance of active participation of children and young people in decisions affecting their lives it is Important for them to participate actively because that way they feel (awful phrase) ownership, i. . if they feel they own it, they are more likely to respond to it and use it, also its just basic familiar sense that they should decide they know what they need (mostly) after all. 2. 4 Explain how to support children and young people according to their age, needs and abilities to make personal choices and experiences that have a positive impact on their lives 3. 1 Explain the potential impact of disability on the outcomes and life chances of children and young people 3. 2 Explain the importance of positive attitudes towards disability and specific requirements 3. Explain the social and medical models of disabil ity and the impact of each on practice 3. 4 Explain the different types of support that are available for disabled children and young people and those with specific requirements 4. 1 Explain the meaning of equality, diversity and inclusion in the context of positive outcomes for children and young people 4. 2 Compare, giving examples, ways in which services for children, young people and their carers take account of and call forth equality, diversity and inclusion to promote positive outcomes

Code of Ethics for Engineers Essay

In his essay, Thinking Like an Engineer, Michael Davis argues that engineering is a profession which requires a code of moral philosophy, and that the engineers must prevail by the code of morality. He argues that engineering is a profession which requires a code of ethics so that engineers can be expected to follow special(prenominal) normative patterns in carrying out their profession. This is for the benefit of the engineer himself, for other engineers and for the public in general.Having a peck of normative patterns to follow as guidelines in recitation the engineering profession helps the engineer weigh different factors in making decisions. It lessens the possibility of cosmos effectively influenced by outside considerations. The engineer can recognize to abide by what the code of ethics provides and he ordain still avoid the shame and disrepute in case the decision he make based on his code of ethics will ultimately turn out to be wrong.His fellow engineers are in ad dition benefited because they will have a right to expect that an engineer will do according to what the code provides. They can trust that their colleagues will non adopt any conduct unfriendly to the profession and will not cut them short because of competition. They could reasonably expect that they can perform what engineers are ethically bound to do without the risk of being overruled by other engineers in the ethical aspects of their work by any high-handed method. They need not succumb to the pressure to do the things that an engineer should not do.Also, they could generally criticize the work of other engineers which are more or less opposed to what the code requires of them. The protection to the public afforded by this code of ethics for engineers is generated by giving them the right to expect that engineers will follow what the code requires of them so that the general public could reasonably object to any work do by an engineer which may seem unethical. The public ca n also be assured that the engineers will apply their expertise for the common good and will not take advantage of the public.The argument that the engineers must abide by the code of ethics is also for the good of everyone including the engineer himself. It is interesting to note here(predicate) that Davis said that all engineers are obliged to follow their code of ethics whether they have read it or not. Indeed, the ethics they are to follow is inherently insert into their profession. The engineer must abide by the code for the simple reason that he has chosen that profession and, therefore, must vow to abide by the rules and conventions set out by such profession.As a professional, he also has an obligation towards society to seek the common good and not only his face-to-face aggrandizement. And more practically, he must abide by the code to avoid the shame and embarrassment in case something wrong happens with his work or with its results. He can fall back to the code to just ify his decision. In fact, if his decision is totally done by the book, then the book itself will do the explanations for him.What is more, he can trust his colleagues to come to his defense with claims that the engineer was just doing his job. All in all, an engineer must abide by the code of ethics because it is his duty and it is also for his own protection. In conclusion, Davis went further to say that the responsibilities of an engineer goes beyond than just abiding by the code ethics. An engineer must also support it and require his fellow engineers to adopt a conduct which is in consonance with what the code provides.

Milk Healthy or Not? Essay

Most people drink take out everyday beca example it has been proven to increase drum strength and besides helps slow down fig up loss as we age. However, this seemingly harmless drink may be more harmful than it is healthy. milk and other dairy products are packed with a lot of different nutrients that are essential for human survival and growth. As well as calcium, milk also has protein, potassium, phosphorus, vitamin D, vitamin B12, vitamin A, Riboflavin, and Niacin. The National Dairy Council states that with just one eight ounce glass of milk a day provides the same amount of vitamin D you would bump from 3.5 ounces of salmon and more than 2 ? cups of broccoli. Milk helps build strong bones and teeth where most of the frames calcium is held. It also improves bone density, which means a lower risk of fractures and osteoporosis. After working out its proven that drinking chocolate milk can increase your results. This is because after you workout, your body is more receptive t o using amino acids to repair muscle tissue. It is also beneficial because of its protein content. Dairy products in general carry a lot of calcium, simply they might not be the best source.Good, non-dairy sources of calcium include soy milk, beans, and supplements that have calcium and vitamin D. Another good way to get calcium is to polish off dark green vegetables that is how cows get their calcium. High intake of milk and other dairy products can increase the risk of prostate cancer. They can also have high levels of saturated fat and vitamin A, which can actually weaken the bones. Milk from a cow is rich in phosphorous which can potentially fuse with calcium and that can prevent us from absorbing the calcium in the milk.Milks protein also quickens calcium emission from the blood by dint of the kidneys. People can also be allergic to dairy products and it is called lactose intolerance. This is because those allergic cannot produce the enzyme lactase essential for digesting da iry. The FDA has just recently approved the use of Bovine Growth Hormones, or BGH, for dairy farmers to increase their cows milk production. This is a very bad thing because those hormones go right into the milk. BGH causes an increase in an insulin-like growth factor than can be absorbed directly into our bloodstream.Before I researched this topic I thought the milk was undoubtedly good for us, plainly now I realize that it may actually be bad for you. You can get all the nutrients that are in milk from other products. there are more factual examples of risks than benefits with people that ingest dairy products than those who do not. After researching this topic I will not drink as untold milk as I have in the past.Works Cited Bayer, Jeff. Benefits of Chocolate Milk After Your Workout. Fox News. FOX News Network, 23 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. Mercola, Joseph, Dr. breakt Drink Your Milk Mercola. com. N. p. , 17 Feb. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013.

Rachel Carson and the Fight Against Indiscriminate Pesticide Use Essay

In her 1962 give, Silent Spring, Rachel Carson details the dangers of indiscriminate pesticide occasion, which had already silenced the voice of spring in countless towns in America (Carson (1962) rascal 3). Miss Carson, as whatsoever(prenominal) of her detractors referred to her, received ridicule from academics, industry leaders and skipper journals for everywhere a decade. Years after her close, conservative and libertarian groups such as the Cato shew, American Enterprise set up and the Competitive Enterprise Institute attacked her and the app bent successes for surroundalism in the creation of the Environmental rampart federal agency and the relegate of DDT to provide an example of a failed government program. Rachel Carson revealed the dangers imposed by indiscriminate pesticide physical exertion in her 1962 book, Silent Spring. Although Carson used DDT as her focus, the chemical substance was an example of the numerous synthesized pesticides emgambited in many a spects of mankinds daily lives.As a biologist with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson was alerted to the numerous case reports of alter to birds and fish after DDT application and believed that because DDT was so effective, it unbalanced eco frames (Oreskes (2010) page 219). Carson expanded her explore and eventually published her revealing book to alert the humanity and bring an end to indiscriminate use. The book made numerous claims against pesticides, illustrated the destruction caused by prior use and warned of a future in which over increasingly large areas spring comes unheralded by the return of the birds, and the early mornings are strangely unspoken where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song (Carson (1962) page 88).These elixers of death, she warned, are less insecticides as they are biocides (Carson (1962) pages 15, 8), infiltrating water supplies, food supplies and organisms from the bald eagle to man. If Silent Spring stimulated the public to press for unwise and ill-conceived restrictions on the production, use or development of impertinently chemicals, it leave be the consumer who suffers.Dr. William Darby, 1962Heralded as one of the intimately influential books in the environmental movement, Carsons writing was less scientific and more thought provoking. Her often-extreme leger choices and diction provided a sense of urgency for some, but drew many detractors. Doctor William Darby, a prof of Biochemistry at Vanderbilt University, reviewed Silent Spring shortly after its publishing. correspond to Darby, the dramatic descriptions were simply a ploy to mask other scientific findings are mislead the public (Darby (1962)). Darby accused Carson of name-drops by quoting or referring to renowned scientists out of context leading the reader to conclude that the authority mentioned is in accord with the authors personate (Darby (1962)). To further refute her claims, Darby refers to her as Miss Carson by dint ofout his e ssay. This treatment of certainly harmed, or was an attempt to harm, her believability in the scientific field.He continues her ignorance or biases on some of the considerations throw doubt on her competency to judge constitution (Darby (1962)). Darby stated that if it stimulated the public to press for unwise and ill-conceived restrictions on the production, use or development of impertinently chemicals, it will be the consumer who suffers. Here was an academic, in the field of biochemistry, blatantly denouncing Carson and her conclusions. In The chemicals Around Us, a viewpoint published in Chemical periodical in July 1962, Carson was referred to as a crank and that her writing style was more indicative of a lawyer preparing a brief (Chemical Weekly (1962)). Obviously a somewhat biased publication, the article continued to claim that although her facts are correct, her conclusions less certain, and her innuendos misguide such a public be damned attitude was outmoded some eld past and too many people are watching.The phrase, too many people are watching referred to the chemical industry and pro-chemical government, implying that despite her efforts, they would fight indorse against such erroneous claims with ease. Carsons detractors were not publishing this instruction against her for publicity, but were concerned. They were not concerned about the indiscriminate use of pesticides, but rather the ability of public outrage and the future of the chemicals industry. By attacking Carsons conclusions and writing style, they could distract from the dangerous scientific findings. cladding harsh criticism, Carsons urgent push for polity against indiscriminate pesticide use seemed to stall. When President Kennedy tasked the Presidents Science Advisory Committee with investigating the claims, a new hope emerged. Although the committee did not back or deny Carsons claims, they lay the burden of proof on those who argued that persistent pesticides were safe (O reskes (2010) page 222).The paradigm shifted against the chemical industry. The findings established that the industry itself was tasked with proving the pesticides used were not a danger to human wellness or the environment, explicitly invoking the standard of reasonable doubt, rather than those against indiscriminate use proving pesticides were a danger (Oreskes (2010) pages 220-224). According to Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway in their 2010 book, Merchants of Doubt, the legal phrase reasonable doubt suggests that they were guided by existing legal frame acidulates to license the safety of their products, and that manufacturers had not demonstrated the safety of DDT, and reasonable people now had reason to doubt it (Oreskes (2010) page 222). It took two more Presidential Administrations before President Nixon authorized the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and in 1972, the ban on the use of DDT in the United States.The environmental movement, the work done b y Rachel Carson, the Presidents Science Advisory Committee, numerous scientists and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and banning of DDT was often heralded as a true governmental policy success story. Not until the early 2000s did the evidence exist that DDT was in fact harmful to humans, and a dangerous carcinogen (Oreskes (2010) page 229). For three decades, the establishment of the EPA was used as an example to follow for the creation of new social, economic and environmental policies. As conservative and libertarian think tanks in the mid 1990s were facing new policies and government regulation conflicting with their ideals, a new strategy for combat emerged. By slandering Carson, freemarketeers realized they could inflect the argument against regulation in general. (Oreskes (2010) page 218).To argue against regulation, they would destroy the main example of successful policy and regulation the establishment of the EPA and banning of DDT. In the late 1990s, gr oups such as the Cato Institute, American Enterprise Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute renewed the attacks on Rachel Carson and the junk-sciencescientific findings that could not be explained under the free-market systemthat led to the ban of DDT in the United States. These think tanks, backed monetarily by Philip Morris and other corporation, organised off-the record briefings with members of Congress, wrote and placed op-ed pieces, and organized radio interviews (Oreskes, (2010) page 234). The Heartland Institute, focused on free-market solutions to social and economic problems insisted that some one millionlives could be saved annually in developing countries around the world through the use of DDT (Oreskes (2010) page 233).There were even claims that her false alarm about pesticides led to the death of millions, making her worse than Hitler (Oreskes (2010) page 217). By destroying Carsons reputation at the expense of key facts and scientific findings, these gro ups were changing history. Orwell understood that those in power will always seek to control history, because whoever controls the past controls the extradite (Oreskes (2010) page 238). Conservative and Libertarian think tanks believed they could control history to derail the progress of regulatory authority in the United States. In the forward to Silent Spring, Carson quotes Albert Schweitzer, Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall, He will end by destroying the state (Carson (1962) Forward).According to Carson, it took hundreds of millions of years for life to produce the life that now inhabits the earth and to adjust to these chemicals would require time on the scale that is natures, it would require not merely the years of a mans life but he life of generations (Carson (1962) page 7). Rachel Carson believed indiscriminate pesticide use and the continued development of synthetic chemicals would devastate our planet in a way that would require generations for the environment to reach equilibrium.E. B. White, an American essayist once wrote, I am pessimistic about the human racetrack because it is too ingenious for its own good. Our approach to nature is to beat it into submission. We would stand a better break of survival is we accommodated ourselves to the planet and viewed it appreciatively instead of skeptically and dictatorially (Carson (1962) Forward). By allowing the leaders of this nation to be manipulated by groups controlling history, we failed not only Rachel Carson, but ourselves, our environment and our future.Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston, Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Co,1962. (Carson (1962))The Chemicals Around Us. Viewpoint, Chemical Weekly. July 14, 1962 5. (Chemical Weekly (1962))Darby, William J. Text from Jukes, Thomas, 1962. A Town in Harmony. Chemical & Engineering News (Aug 18) 5.(Darby (1962))Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. Chapter 7 defense mechanism Rides Again. Merchants of Doubt How a Handful of Sc ientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York Bloomsbury, 2010. (Oreskes (2010))

History of E-Commerce

The account severalizement Of Ecommerce, The Early historic period In the 1960s, very early on in the taradiddle of Ecommerce, its purpose was to exchanging electronic culture tenacious distance. In these early days of Ecommerce, users consisted of only very tumid companies, such as banks and military departments, who utilise it for command control communication purposes. This was called EDI, and was use for electronic data interchange. In the late 1970s a new protocol was developed known as ASC X12 which was used for the exchange of business documents and information electronically.Another frame was being developed at the same time by the Military known as ARPAnet, and was the send-off to use the dial up method of sending information via telephone networks. It was considered the grand let of the modern meshing. I guess we can thank the cold war for something In 1982 Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol known as TCP & IP was developed. This was the set-bac k system to send information in petty packets along different routes using packet replacement technology, like straightaways Internet As conflicting to sending the information streaming down one route.These were amongst the largest developments in the narration of Ecommerce that set the stage for a revolution in the exchange of electronic data, but it was not for another quarter of a snow that Ecommerce became accessible to everyday lot like you and me. he History Of Ecommerce, Beginnings Of An Electronic regeneration The Internet took a giant leap into the modern age in 1991 when a computer scientist working under squeeze forCERNTim Berners-Lee made a huge advancement by communication via the Internet usingHTTP. The birth of the atomic number 18na Wide Webwas upon usHe is now considered the father of the World Wide Web. This opened up the door for everyday abundant deal like you and me to use this rattling(prenominal) new technology, however it was not until 1994 that the start-off truly user friendly browser was developed with make in security protocol to harbor peoples personal information online. This made way for secure legal proceeding to be conducted on the internet. A yr later 3rd party credit card salary services became available to the still small online community. The stage was set, and thefuture of Ecommercewas about to take off.The History Of Ecommerce, The Revolution Takes Off In 1995, with the introduction ofonline compensation methods, two companies that we all know of today took their introductory travel into the world of Ecommerce. Today Amazon and Ebay be both amongst the most successful companies on the Internet angiotensin converting enzyme month after moveing his first book online, founder of Amazon Jeff Bezos was selling to every state in the U. S and over 40 other countries. Ecommerce allowed the easy processing of orders and shipping also enabling him to buy directly from the publishers.Ebay saw addition that was just as staggering. By allowing anyone to buy and sell online, in just a few ill-considered course of instructions the company became a household name with a turnover of hundreds of millions a year. From its humble reservoir in 1995 modern Ecommerce has become the fastest growing sports stadium of business, showing continued growth year after year. Technology has advanced further making it so much more accessible to people from all walks of life, and entire industries hold been built around Ecommerce which are today, the whos who of the business world.Today virtually anything can be purchased online, from your pizza to your car. And people love to shop online, figures show that in the U. S over 60% of adults have purchased goods online this is a figure that is set to explode over the climax years as the youth of today mature fast, being the first to have been raised with this arouse environment interwoven into all aspects of life. If thither is one thing we can learn from the history of Ecommerce it is that anyone given(p) a little motivation and repel can become successful.It has never been easier to get a terms into the exciting online world of Ecommerce, all anyone inevitably is an internet conection a computer and an idea. Theadvantages of Ecommerceare endless. Ecommerce has become the great leveler, giving anyone the ability tobuild an Ecommerce website, and sell to a world wide market with outstanding results. The history of Ecommerce has shown us just how fast people can embrace a new technology, It has evolved in leaps and boundary to become what it is today and the future is tone bright.History of E-CommerceThe History Of Ecommerce, The Early Years In the 1960s, very early on in the history of Ecommerce, its purpose was to exchanging electronic data long distance. In these early days of Ecommerce, users consisted of only very large companies, such as banks and military departments, who used it for command control communication purpose s. This was called EDI, and was used for electronic data interchange. In the late 1970s a new protocol was developed known as ASC X12 which was used for the exchange of business documents and information electronically.Another system was being developed at the same time by the Military known as ARPAnet, and was the first to use the dial up method of sending information via telephone networks. It was considered the grandfather of the modern Internet. I guess we can thank the cold war for something In 1982 Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol known as TCP & IP was developed. This was the first system to send information in small packets along different routes using packet switching technology, like todays Internet As opposed to sending the information streaming down one route.These were amongst the largest developments in the history of Ecommerce that set the stage for a revolution in the exchange of electronic data, but it was not for another quarter of a century that Ecommerce became accessible to everyday people like you and me. he History Of Ecommerce, Beginnings Of An Electronic Revolution The Internet took a giant leap into the modern age in 1991 when a computer scientist working under contract forCERNTim Berners-Lee made a huge advancement by communicating via the Internet usingHTTP. The birth of theWorld Wide Webwas upon usHe is now considered the father of the World Wide Web. This opened up the door for everyday people like you and me to use this wonderful new technology, however it was not until 1994 that the first truly user friendly browser was developed with built in security protocol to protect peoples personal information online. This made way for secure transactions to be conducted on the internet. A year later 3rd party credit card payment services became available to the still small online community. The stage was set, and thefuture of Ecommercewas about to take off.The History Of Ecommerce, The Revolution Takes Off In 1995, with the introduction ofonline payment methods, two companies that we all know of today took their first steps into the world of Ecommerce. Today Amazon and Ebay are both amongst the most successful companies on the Internet One month after selling his first book online, founder of Amazon Jeff Bezos was selling to every state in the U. S and over 40 other countries. Ecommerce allowed the easy processing of orders and shipping also enabling him to buy directly from the publishers.Ebay saw growth that was just as staggering. By allowing anyone to buy and sell online, in just a few short years the company became a household name with a turnover of hundreds of millions a year. From its humble beginning in 1995 modern Ecommerce has become the fastest growing area of business, showing continued growth year after year. Technology has advanced further making it so much more accessible to people from all walks of life, and entire industries have been built around Ecommerce which are today, the w hos who of the business world.Today virtually anything can be purchased online, from your pizza to your car. And people love to shop online, figures show that in the U. S over 60% of adults have purchased goods online this is a figure that is set to explode over the coming years as the youth of today mature fast, being the first to have been raised with this exciting environment interwoven into all aspects of life. If there is one thing we can learn from the history of Ecommerce it is that anyone given a little motivation and drive can become successful.It has never been easier to get a foothold into the exciting online world of Ecommerce, all anyone needs is an internet conection a computer and an idea. Theadvantages of Ecommerceare endless. Ecommerce has become the great leveler, giving anyone the ability tobuild an Ecommerce website, and sell to a world wide market with outstanding results. The history of Ecommerce has shown us just how fast people can embrace a new technology, I t has evolved in leaps and bounds to become what it is today and the future is looking bright.

Critically Compare the Concepts of Equal Opportunities and Sports Equity in British Sport

critic eithery compare the innovations of equal opportunities and rollicks justness in British sport This paper aims to compare the ideas of equal opportunities and sports justness with regard to sport in Britain. Within this structure, there will be particular tension on the theoretical attend toiones that are used to look at par in British sport. A delineate part of this comparison is the study of ( hearty) compare this includes formal, radical and chivalrous interpretations of equating. The arguments and suggestions will be reinforced and back up by literature and some other texts breakside of just the boast context.M either sports historians in truth a lot(prenominal) as Holt (1989) say that sport, pre twentieth Century, was almost private and flash backed to the upper class minority. Recreational sports had a complex set of laws (i. e. tennis) this was to restrict troth from the lower classes. a nonher(prenominal) vestige of the times was the limitation of sport to women this was not necessarily indite law still was accepted none the less. Racism in sport was not tackled or unconstipated considered until well into the 20th century when the judicature introduced laws and legislation that banned prejudice based on race.As a consequence of these legalities, many recognised clean-living institution in big(p) Britain wander one across introduced policy and recommendations to deport with the problems of in compare at bottom their respective organisations. Nevertheless, as indicated by Guttmans analysis (1978), continuous maturation in recent years has slowly begun to break down certain(prenominal) barriers to equality. Should just aboutone wish to investigate advertize into actual modern equality work they can access a variety of net resources. A quick look at equality policies of the Football Association for example demonstrates that work is being do for the purpose of equality.Guttman (1978) even goes so far to say that in many sports worldwide, participants of any circumstance and environment are encouraged to participate. He also states however that equality in sport and its aims is seen by some as a distant procurement, it remains unrealistic. Guttmans (1978) study illustrates that as sport entered the second fractional of the 20th century, carcasss that take care other components of a balanced hunting lodge would also affect modern sporting institutions in the same government agency In order to better understand the aim of this paper, a egress of key terms need some more clarity. The first term that needs defining is equality and more pecifically elemental equality. gibe to baker (2004) basic equality is the thought that tidy sum have the same worth and are consequently worthy of equal interest and value. Many would argue that certain individuals and groups have earned more respect than other commonwealth and therefore inequalities should exist. Maybe what we should be considering is a minimum level of equality, a fundamental idea of equality whereby people all exist at the same point of respect. This would mean putting a thres match on what it is to be human. As indicated by Craig and Beedie (2010) the study of equality is an area of fascination to many sporting sociologists.Coakley (2003, p326) states, that this curiosity is established because many conceptualise that sport goes beyond monetary and economic inequalities. A common belief is that sport is available to all irrelevant of which equality strand someone may fit into (age, race, ethnicity etc). According to Craig and Beedie (2010) some consider the sporting domain a discrimination free arena where a result is contested on dependable grounds and the result goes to those with the most aptitude or skill. Another key term is stratification. This is a track of breaking down the different levels of society based on their sociological group.This helps to highlight the in/equality that is present in sport . A number of actual examples have been highlighted by Craig and Beedie (2010). Examples of these stratification layers include the system of class formation affects the poor, the working class, and the lower/ middle and upper classes, these structures all seem to be extremely rigid. The concept of social class is best recognised by using Marxist ideas of capitalism, where the idea of equality is seen in financial terms. Feminism however opposes the theory that class stratification is the most important insertion of social inequality.Justifications about the gender distinctions in a sporting context vary from those concentrated on a biological argument to the arguments that place more impetus on the social understanding of gender. on that point is a repeated and constant emphasis in sport and society on the index finger of patricentric arrangements this too is present in sport. Liberal equality can be a little voiceless to decipher in that it accepts basic equality but denies some other aspects of equality. The main principle check to Baker (2005) is that inequality of income and power cannot be alleviated.Equality as a concept plays the part of dogmatic inequalities so that income and power are more fairly distributed. In a way it can be state that handsome equality requires supporting the bare minimum that people are allowed and have access to, whilst controlling the advantage experienced by those that have more. Baker (2005) gain ground states that the main underlying belief of liberal egalitarianism is the upholding and support of the most basic rights that all should have access to. Equal fortune of guide plays a key part in this study. Liberal equality is often used in union with equality of opportunity.This is where groups or individuals have equal access to the opportunity to gain higher representation within their respective circles. It is rooted in the idea that inequalities in power will be ever present. Baker (2004) summarises this sen timent, he claims that the point of equality of opportunity is for everyone to get a fair chance in the sociological struggle, within a society that is unequal. Baker (2004) describes equal opportunity as the belief that everyone in society deserves a fair chance to contest over the positions in society that carry the most power.This concept was first used officially in the French Declaration of human rights in 1789. It states that everyone can hold a position within their abilities (French Declaration of the rights of man 1789). These days institutions everywhere boast equality policies and equality laws that make the discrimination based on gender and race in social institutions against the law In support of this, equal opportunity claims that nobody ought to benefit or suffer from their social circumstances any prosperity and expectation ought to come about due to personal skills and endeavours. Rawls (1971) labels this concept fair equal opportunity.He believes that education sh ould be used as a vehicle by the lower classes to develop the skills that would put them into a more advantaged situation. Equal opportunity is unachievable whilst those in positions of power use their influence to achieve hierarchy over others. Liberal equality approaches do not take into account the characteristics of structured inequality. coercive social stigmas are not dealt with. We can therefore conclude that peoples opinions and beliefs (inequality) cannot change whilst such stigma electrostatic exist. Some would argue that this is good in theory but education doesnt actually function in this way.A different aspect of equal opportunity includes establishing policies and legislation to assist people from minority groups in getting work and schooling/qualifications. Were people from minorities perhaps not supported mightily in schools or education institutions then this could be down to them not having equal opportunities to progress as the majority do. Baker (2004) appears to believe that the biggest sign of equal opportunity within an organisation is seen in the participation rates. A more comprehensive liberal equality view is that of Rawls (1971).This states that inequalities ought to favour those that need them the most. For those that believe in liberal equality this is not always the final solution however amendments can be make to a number of factors contributing to equality, including education, sport, the economy etc. A fine-tuning to these frameworks rather than completely overturning them is often the favourite(a) way to achieve to equality. In order to understand liberal equality properly however, something to compare it to is required. basal approaches to equality oppose the liberal view of equal opportunity.It maintains that in order to eradicate inequality much larger steps should be taken. Inequalities should not just simply be dealt with after recognition. The key to this much more ambitious agenda is to recognise that inequality is rooted in changing and changeable social structures, and particularly in structures of domination and oppression. These structures create, and continually reproduce, the inequalities which liberal egalitarianism sees as inevitable. (Baker 2004, 18) This handsomely describes the way in which radical equality aims to eliminate equality compared to the liberal view.As oppose to the liberal view of concentrating on the power distribution allocated to individuals, the radical view allows for advantage to more than just individuals, but groups. On the contrary to liberal ideas of how power is allocated, the radical approach attempts find answers in the social connection between related parties. Another trend of the liberal approach is to reward individuals with their own triumphs and indeed failures. The radical approach on the other hand tends to attribute these triumphs and failures to larger social occurrences.As indicated by Baker (2004) many argue that the liberal approach to equ ality differs from that of equality of outcome. However, the radical approach, as does the liberal approach encourages choice as the final outcome. thither is no reason that both approaches to equality cannot allow for choice. In order to summarise the above comments basic egalitarianism tends to concentrate on subsistence needs, liberal egalitarianism on the idea of a decent old-hat of living and radical egalitarianism on what people need for a full human disembodied spirit (Baker 2004, 19) In order to fully understand this task, we must also look at the origins of sport in the UK.During the late 1800s (Victorian period) Great britain went through a major reform, this is commonly known as the Industrial variation. It was driven by invention, engineering breakthroughs and class restructuring. A movement from farming and agriculture towards Industrial urban based work meant that digers moved from the countryside to the city. This mass movement of workers into factories allowed th e nakedly middle class employers considerate control over the workforce and the opportunity to influence the way workers should spend their leisure time.Throughout this era of reform, sport was still however considered an activity of the higher classes. The control exerted over the masses encouraged employees and workers into a different way to spend their leisure time. Structure in recreation became encouraged. According to Townson (1997) this became the norm as the middle classes had fears that the more and more large urban population may become unruly. The idea of keen recreation became the name of this notion. everyplace the years the buttoned-downie anticipated discomfort among the working class.Towards the end of the 19th century in Great Britain the concept of Muscular Christianity (Holt 1989) was established in order to distract the masses from want to reform (Holt 1989) The very idea of a play discipline would have seemed absurd, yet this is what a growing band of bour geois idealists advocated during the second half of the century (Townson 1997). Sport and recreation had been introduced by the bourgeoisie. This helped maintain a healthy labour force and diverted masses away from urban radicalism.It was during this time that the upper classes and more advantaged started to consider the sizeableness of fairness through reform and education. While sport for the masses still took on a rational recreation edge, sport was undergoing a period of change. A combination of factors leading to this change included an emphasis on health through exercise (due in part to inferior performances from the British forces in southbound Africa) and an increasing emphasis on professionalism. Sports clubs and facilities were made available by middle class.Key factors that occurred during the Victorian period correspond to Davis (2000) An ethical code produced by the bourgeoisie became associated with sport Realisation of fair-play (introduction of rules and equal con ditions) Freedom at weekends gave people more time for recreation. Sport in education was limited to gym and discipline The second illustrious phase in british sport history swaying further towards equality was the establisment of the Wolfenden report of 1960. This was written for the telephone exchange Council of Physical Recreation by an autonomous group of individuals to determine the state of sport in the UK.According to Rous (1960) it was publish to demonstrate the inequalities and problems that existed in UK sport in comparison with its peer countries. After the macrocosmation of the wolfenden report the government took yet a further step towards a more interventionist approach by establishing the GB sports council in 1972. Collins (2003) claims that this was an important step for the government, as it allowed authorities to make social and welfare provision for public sport After new labour came to power in 1997, sport was given a new social status.The organisation of UK sport structure at the time was considered an obstacle to governments recently set out aims Increased youth participation Increased succes in elite sport This quote taken from segment of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) demonstrates the awareness that some had of the state of sport within the UK There is a need for a radical rethink of the way we fund and organize sport, we offer a modernizing partnership with the governing bodies of sport (DCMS 2000 p19).In the same review they also threaten Governing Bodies within sport with withdrawal of funding should they not meet required governmental targets. The 3rd and perhaps most important stage of movements towards equality came in the shape of sporting equity. Sport England (2000) very broadly defines sports equity as fairness in sport. According to Sport England (2000) sports equity is in place to make sport more accessible to everyone period. It is a concept larger than sports equality and all strands of equality are made irrelevant. Equity In its simplest sense, fairness the process of allocating (or reallocating) resources and entitlements, including power, fairly and without discrimination. It may also use positive action initiatives and measures to address existing inequities. (Sport England 2000 p39) As already stated inequalities date back to the beginnings of sport, in some ways they were institutionalised (Sport England 2000). After all the development in sport however, cases of inequality do still exist. Even in todays modern society there are still only a handful of for example ethnic minority power in sport.Coaches seem to remain white, middle class. However, these inequalities are now recognised and agencies are putting in structures to improve the situation for these inequalities Sport England is committed to supporting governing bodies in their quest to overcome inequality in sport (Sport England 2000, p3). Equity in sport came around relatively late. A number of thngs happened which really pushed the equity movement forward. Equity issues came under the spotlight during the Macpherson Report and the stephen Lawrence inquiry.Both of these highlighted the extent of discrimination still present in society. Sporting campaigns and government iniatives have pushed for further equity in sport and according to Sport England (2000) but have committed to further action in the future. It cannot be assumed that any sport is generate and accessible to all members of the community (Sport England 2000, p4). Even the sport england equity page recognises that more needs to be done to secure access to sport for all. Further policy will be encouraged and implemented. beau monde is changing and the existence of organisations, societies or clubs that exclude large sectors of the population from their activities, whether directly or indirectly, is viewed as anachronous and increasingly unacceptable. (Sport England 2000, p3). This quote demonstrates that the government is aware of the mass chan ge in stance towards inequality. scorn the emergence of sports equity policies and propositions inequalities still exist in sport. This can be seen in the recent Luis Suarez racial discrimination case and the John Terry racism case. These examples demonstrate that equality exists at the highest level.Equality work needs further development, much in the same way sports equity has developed. References Baker, J. Lynch, K. Cantillon, S. and Walsh, J. (2004) Equality from Theory to Action London Palgrave. Coakley, J (2003) Sports in Society Issues and controversies. New York Mcgraw-Hill Collins, M. F. with Kay, T. (2003). Sport and social exclusion. London Routledge. Craig P and Paul Beadie (2010) Sport Sociology. 2nd Edition. Active Learning in Sport Davis, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport. UK Harcourt Publishers Ltd Department for Culture, Media and Sport. (2001a).Elite Sport bread and butter Review (chair, J. Cunningham). London DCMS. Guttman, A (1978) From ritual to record. New York. Columbia press Holt R. (1989) Sport and the British A Modern History. Oxford Clarendon Rawls, J. A. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press Sport and the community the report of the Wolfenden Committee on Sport 1960 Sport England, June (2000). Governing Body Resource Pack. Planning for sport. Factfiles Sports equity Stanley Rous. Chairman, Executive committee, C. C. P. R. 1960 Nigel Townson 1997 The British at Play a social history of British sport from 1600 to the present